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BIO 112 > Ch. 18 > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 misconceptions about evolution

A
  • goal oriented towards the most complex
  • dramatic transformations necessary
  • can change one’s structures in response to environment
  • can evolve in one’s lifetime
  • completely random, we can predict it based on the environment
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2
Q

Antiquity Era

A

Aristotle, scalae naturae
humans are the most intelligent and perfect at the top of the ladder, qualitative difference between humans and animals

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3
Q

Judeo-Christian Bible

A

based on scalae naturae

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4
Q

Age of Enlightenment/Reason

A

Linnaeus; created taxonomy, binomial naming system

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5
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Fossils can show evolution of organisms, die from catastrophic events (not always),
local extinctions allow new species to move in, have adaptations based on their environment

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6
Q

James Hutton

A

Geologist; Gradualism, the Earth’s structures are formed through slow, gradual processes.

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7
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Father of modern geology; Uniformitarianism, the same processes that shaped the Earth are happening today at the same rate. Earth is extremely old!

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8
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

Darwin’s grandfather; “forms minute over time”, organisms evolve through time.

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9
Q

Lamarck

A

Lamarckism, organisms have adaptations that increase their success and reproduction. Linked evolution with adaptations. “Use it or lose it”, organisms acquire physical characteristics and pass it down to offspring. wrong

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10
Q

Darwins Theory

A

Obs 1: Heritable variation exists in most species
Obs 2: Many offspring die before maturity
Inf 1: Organisms with the best traits will survive and reproduce more
Inf 2: Heritable, favorable adaptations accumulate and increase frequency over time, usually based on environment.

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11
Q

Homology

A

Related by common ancestor

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12
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Remnants of homologous structures from a common ancestor that no longer have a function.

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13
Q

Developmental Homologies

A

Similar structures in embyros across species, indicate a common ancestor

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14
Q

Cellular and molecular homologies

A

universal genetic code, DNA, RNA into proteins,

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15
Q

Convergence evolution

A

Unrelated species develop similar structures in response to a similar environment, natural selection has worked the same (analogous structures)

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16
Q

Morphological species

A

Group of organisms grouped together based on similar phenotypes, looks can be deceiving

17
Q

Ecological Species

A

Set of organisms grouped together that share the same habitat and interact with each other, share same resources

18
Q

Phylogenetic Species

A

Smallest set of organisms with same evolutionary structures/traits. Phylogenetic tree illustrates this

19
Q

Biological Species

A

members of a species that interbreed, produce viable offspring, share the same gene pool, do not successfully breed with other species, reproductively isolated from other species by pre zygotic and post zygotic barriers

20
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

21
Q

habitat (ecological) isolation

A

live in different habitats, never meet

22
Q

temporal isolation

A

mate at different times

23
Q

behavioral isolation

A

different mating calls, dances, etc…

24
Q

mechanical isolation

A

parts don’t fit

25
Q

gametic isolation

A

sperm of one species cannot fertilize egg of another species
species specific binding protein on sperm recognizes covering (zone pellucida) of egg to prevent cross species fertilization

26
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

hybrid is sterile

27
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

offspring of 2 hybrids is sterile/weak

28
Q

speciation

A

how a new species is formed (through reproductive isolation), new species cannot interbreed

29
Q

microevolution

A

mainly occurs in microorganisms, small changes over short periods of time, does not make a new species, no reproductive barriers

30
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

long, slow periods of evolution followed by short, brief rapid evolutionary periodsa

31
Q

allopatric speciation

A

separated by geographic barrier, new species made

32
Q

sympatric speciation

A

not separated by geographic barrier, new species is made either through mutations, and then eventual reproductive barriers

33
Q

founder effect

A

small group of organisms separated by original population establishes new population. reduces genetic diversity and increases deleterious alleles

34
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor due to great ecological and morphological diversity, causes speciation

35
Q

polyploidy

A

a result of a DNA or chromosomal mutation, have incorrect number of chromosomes, new species formed

36
Q

autopolyploidy

A

two parents are from the same species, offspring has polyploidy

37
Q

allopolyploidy

A

HYBRID; 2 species mate, their offspring is polyploidy

BIO 112 (12 decks)

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