Ch. 18

Question 1

5 misconceptions about evolution

Answer 1

• goal oriented towards the most complex
• dramatic transformations necessary
• can change one’s structures in response to environment
• can evolve in one’s lifetime
• completely random, we can predict it based on the environment

Question 2

Antiquity Era

Answer 2

Aristotle, scalae naturae
humans are the most intelligent and perfect at the top of the ladder, qualitative difference between humans and animals

Question 3

Judeo-Christian Bible

Answer 3

based on scalae naturae

Question 4

Age of Enlightenment/Reason

Answer 4

Linnaeus; created taxonomy, binomial naming system

Question 5

Georges Cuvier

Answer 5

Fossils can show evolution of organisms, die from catastrophic events (not always),
local extinctions allow new species to move in, have adaptations based on their environment

Question 6

James Hutton

Answer 6

Geologist; Gradualism, the Earth’s structures are formed through slow, gradual processes.

Question 7

Charles Lyell

Answer 7

Father of modern geology; Uniformitarianism, the same processes that shaped the Earth are happening today at the same rate. Earth is extremely old!

Question 8

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 8

Darwin’s grandfather; “forms minute over time”, organisms evolve through time.

Question 9

Lamarck

Answer 9

Lamarckism, organisms have adaptations that increase their success and reproduction. Linked evolution with adaptations. “Use it or lose it”, organisms acquire physical characteristics and pass it down to offspring. wrong

Question 10

Darwins Theory

Answer 10

Obs 1: Heritable variation exists in most species
Obs 2: Many offspring die before maturity
Inf 1: Organisms with the best traits will survive and reproduce more
Inf 2: Heritable, favorable adaptations accumulate and increase frequency over time, usually based on environment.

Question 11

Homology

Answer 11

Related by common ancestor

Question 12

Vestigial Structures

Answer 12

Remnants of homologous structures from a common ancestor that no longer have a function.

Question 13

Developmental Homologies

Answer 13

Similar structures in embyros across species, indicate a common ancestor

Question 14

Cellular and molecular homologies

Answer 14

universal genetic code, DNA, RNA into proteins,

Question 15

Convergence evolution

Answer 15

Unrelated species develop similar structures in response to a similar environment, natural selection has worked the same (analogous structures)

Question 16

Morphological species

Answer 16

Group of organisms grouped together based on similar phenotypes, looks can be deceiving

Question 17

Ecological Species

Answer 17

Set of organisms grouped together that share the same habitat and interact with each other, share same resources

Question 18

Phylogenetic Species

Answer 18

Smallest set of organisms with same evolutionary structures/traits. Phylogenetic tree illustrates this

Question 19

Biological Species

Answer 19

members of a species that interbreed, produce viable offspring, share the same gene pool, do not successfully breed with other species, reproductively isolated from other species by pre zygotic and post zygotic barriers

Question 20

zygote

Answer 20

fertilized egg

Question 21

habitat (ecological) isolation

Answer 21

live in different habitats, never meet

Question 22

temporal isolation

Answer 22

mate at different times

Question 23

behavioral isolation

Answer 23

different mating calls, dances, etc…

Question 24

mechanical isolation

Answer 24

parts don’t fit

Question 25

gametic isolation

Answer 25

sperm of one species cannot fertilize egg of another species species specific binding protein on sperm recognizes covering (zone pellucida) of egg to prevent cross species fertilization

Question 26

reduced hybrid fertility

Answer 26

hybrid is sterile

Question 27

hybrid breakdown

Answer 27

offspring of 2 hybrids is sterile/weak

Question 28

speciation

Answer 28

how a new species is formed (through reproductive isolation), new species cannot interbreed

Question 29

microevolution

Answer 29

mainly occurs in microorganisms, small changes over short periods of time, does not make a new species, no reproductive barriers

Question 30

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 30

long, slow periods of evolution followed by short, brief rapid evolutionary periodsa

Question 31

allopatric speciation

Answer 31

separated by geographic barrier, new species made

Question 32

sympatric speciation

Answer 32

not separated by geographic barrier, new species is made either through mutations, and then eventual reproductive barriers

Question 33

founder effect

Answer 33

small group of organisms separated by original population establishes new population. reduces genetic diversity and increases deleterious alleles

Question 34

adaptive radiation

Answer 34

rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor due to great ecological and morphological diversity, causes speciation

Question 35

polyploidy

Answer 35

a result of a DNA or chromosomal mutation, have incorrect number of chromosomes, new species formed

Question 36

autopolyploidy

Answer 36

two parents are from the same species, offspring has polyploidy

Question 37

allopolyploidy

Answer 37

HYBRID; 2 species mate, their offspring is polyploidy