Ch. 22 Prokaryotes

Question 1

prokaryotes age

Answer 1

3.5 billion years ago

Question 2

prokaryotes

Answer 2

single celled organisms in the domain bacteria and archaea

Question 3

chemical and physical processes on earth that gave rise to simple cells

Answer 3

1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules such as AA and nitrogenous bases
2. joining of these small molecules into macros like proteins, NA
3. packaging of molecules into protocells, membrane bound droplets that maintain consistant internal chemistry
4. origin of self replicating molecules

Question 4

earth’s early atmosphere

Answer 4

N, N oxides, CO2, methane, ammonia, H

Question 5

protocells

Answer 5

prototype of cells

• may have been fluid filled vesicles with a membrane like structure
• simple reproduction and metabolism

Question 6

RNA

Answer 6

first genetic material

Question 7

factors contributing to genetic diversity

Answer 7

rapid reproduction
mutation
genetic recombination

Question 8

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 8

movement of genes among individuals from different species

Question 9

genetic recombination

Answer 9

combining of DNA from two sources

Question 10

genetic recombination diversity methods

Answer 10

transformation
transduction
conjugation
gene transfer agents

Question 11

transformation

Answer 11

taking up and incorporating foreign DNA from surrounding enviro

Question 12

transduction

Answer 12

movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriaphages (viruses that infect bacteria)

Question 13

conjugation

Answer 13

genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

- in bacteria DNA transfers is one way via pilus

Question 14

bacteria cell walls

Answer 14

contain peptidoglycan, network of modified sugars cross linked by polypeptides

Question 15

gram-positive

Answer 15

bacteria have simpler walls with lots of peptidoglycan

Question 16

gram-neg

Answer 16

have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

Question 17

tostada vs quesadilla

Answer 17

g-pos vs g-neg

Question 18

antibiotics

Answer 18

target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls,

g-neg more resistant to antobiotics

Question 19

endospores

Answer 19

resistant cells developed by bacteria

Question 20

prokaryotes categorized

Answer 20

by how they obtain energy and carbon

Question 21

phototrophs

Answer 21

obtain energy from light

Question 22

chemotrophs

Answer 22

obtain energy from chemicals

Question 23

autotrophs

Answer 23

require CO2 or related compounds as carbon source

Question 24

heterotrophs

Answer 24

require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

Question 25

nitrogen metabolism

Answer 25

prokaryotes can metabolize N through nitrogen fixation, conversion of atmospheric nitrogen N2, to ammonia (NH3)

Question 26

Domains

Answer 26

Bacteria
archaea
eukarya

Question 27

kingdoms

Answer 27

bacteria
archaea
protista
fungi
animalia
plantae

Question 28

eukarya domain

Answer 28

includes kingdoms: protist, fungi, animalia, plantae

Question 29

archaea

Answer 29

share traits with bacteria and eukaryotes but are prokaryotes

Question 30

methanogens

Answer 30

produce methane as waste product

Question 31

prokaryotes are half…

Answer 31

human diseases

Question 32

pathogenic prokaryotes

Answer 32

cause disease by releasing exotoxins and endotoxins

Question 33

exotoxins

Answer 33

secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not present

Question 34

endotoxins

Answer 34

are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down