Ch 22 Cross-Cultural Interactions Flashcards
What are some characteristics of long-distance trade in Europe 1000-1500?
The cross-cultural interactions that resulted helped spread technological innovations throughout the eastern hemisphere. Demand increase for Luxury goods
Describe the growth of trading cities and ports
As the volume of trade increased, the major trading cities and ports grew rapidly,
attracting buyers, sellers, brokers, and bankers from parts near and far.
What were Marco Polo’s contributions? Specific and overall
He was a European merchant that went to China. Khubilai allowed Marco to pursue his mercantile interests in China and also sent him on numerous diplomatic missions, this was because Khan liked him a lot. (went with uncle and dad) One time on his way back to china he got captured and was a POW, he wrote about it, and while imprisoned, Marco related tales of his travels to his fellow prisoners. These deeply influenced European readers.
Describe Mongol-Christian diplomatic relations
Christians were trying to take back Jerusalem and asked Khubalai Khan; the Mongols if they wanted to join Christianity and help them against the Muslims. The Khans declined and said they could either submit to Mongol rule or face destruction.
Who was Ibn Battuta? What did he contribute?
Was a Muslim traveler In both east and west Africa, and found jobs as a qadi (Muslim Judge) Ibn Battuta consulted with Muslim rulers and offered advice about government, women’s dress, and proper relationships between the sexes. (very strict) Like many legal scholars whose stories went unrecorded, Ibn Battuta provided guidance in the ways of Islam in societies recently converted to the faith.
What were Islamic missionaries doing during this time?
The Sufis ventured to recently conquered or converted lands and sought to win a popular following for the faith in India, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Not as strict and emphasized praise to Allah.
What were Christian missionaries doing during this time?
Missionaries attracted converts in large numbers,
and Roman Catholic Christianity became securely established. The most ambitious missions sought to convert Mongols and Chinese to Roman
Catholic Christianity.
Who was John of Montecorvino? Why was he important?
Was a Roman Catholic Missionary. John worked energetically to establish Christianity in the host society. He translated the New Testament and the
book of Psalms into Turkish, a language
commonly used at the Mongol court, and
he built several churches in China. (First to ever do this)
What cultural exchanges take place through long distance trade? Between who?
Songs, stories, religious ideas, philosophical views, and scientific knowledge all passed readily among travelers who ventured. The troubadours of western Europe, for example, drew on the poetry, music, and love songs of Muslim performers when developing the literature of courtly love. Also, the magnetic compass invented in china spread rapidly through cultural exchanges.
What is exchanged economically through long distance? What is the significance of each?
Gunpowder (warfare starts to get deadly b/c cannons and weapons start to happen)
Sugar cane (big one b/c created Atlantic slave trade b/c it was very hard work to maintain this crop so they needed more labor)
Where does the Bubonic plague start geographically? How does it start? Where does is spread?
Spread from the Yunnan region of southwestern China. Spread through trade routes and sea routes mainly. Spread to Asia, Europe, and North Africa. Did not happen in sub-Saharan Africa and India as much.
What are the effects of the Bubonic plague on:
Population?
Social structure?
Economy?
The population decline was a big effect. The disease caused severe labor shortages, which in turn generated social unrest. Bad for the economy b/c of agriculture started to slow.
Who was Hongwu? What was his background and what role did he play in the Mongol overthrow?
Made his way through the military b/c of his size, made his way up the ranks, and helped lead the fall of the Yuan dynasty. Now became the emperor of the Ming dynasty.
Ming changes or revitalization?
Eliminated all traces of Mongol rule, and based gov. off traditional Chinese govs. Reestablished the Confucian educational and civil service systems to ensure a supply of talented officials and bureaucrats. Very centralized.
Who were the mandarins? Why did Ming emperors rely heavily on them?
A special class of Eunuchs,
powerful officials sent out as emissaries of the central government to ensure that local officials implemented imperial policy.
