Ch 20 Medieval Europe Flashcards
Who was Otto I?
King in Northern Germany
What was Otto I’s church and state connections?
He aided the church; the pope liked that, so he proclaimed him emperor
What was the Investiture controversy about?
Over the appointment of church officials
What was the practice of lay investiture?
The selection and installation of church officials by lay rulers such as the emperors.
How did the investiture controversy affect Henry IV? (spiritual blackmail)
Gregory excommunicated him and released his subjects from there duties to obey them. This caused German princes to rebel against the emperor.
What was the church and state controversy with regard to Frederick Barbarossa?
he wanted to control and to build a powerful state, but the popes forced him to relinquish his rights. Once again, papal policies stopped Roman Empire from becoming powerful.
How is the Holy Roman Empire not holy, not Roman or not an empire?
It was a really religious state ruling Germany. Never restored imperial unity to Western Europe
Explain France monarchy especially with regard to Capetian Kings
Started out slow, appointed a king, and slowly gained resources and power through generations, to have authority over France.
Explain the background of England’s monarchy?
didn’t want conflict at first, and were small. quickly built discipline military and emerged as prominent political and military leaders
What was the significance of the Battle of Hastings (1066)?
Duke William of Normandy invaded England and succeeded. Maintained order and alright gov.
What did the French and English monarchies have in common?
Both grew to have centralized and powerful gov.
What differences did the French and English monarchies have?
The founders of English were Vikings. The founders of France were lords of France before.
Christians and Muslims in Iberia description?
Christians ended up controlling the Iberia kingdom of Naples.
What is land clearing?
Serfs and monks cleared forests due to population pressures.
What are the agricultural techniques used?
Increased bean production, dug ponds, and put fish in (these lead to good diets) also kept more domestic animals which enriched the soil. (poop)
New tools and technology?
Horseshoe: helped horses trample through tough soil. Horse colors: helped horses carry heavy loads on back.
Types of new foods?
Meat, diary products, fish, vegetables, and legumes, such as beans and peas.
What was the effect of this?
RAPID POPULATION GROWTH
Why are peasants moving to towns?
There are more supplies and food
What happens to textile production?
It booms because the towns and cities bring labor production.
What happens to the Mediterranean trade?
Trade improved with growing cities in Italy; eventually built big ports
What is the purpose of the Hanseatic League?
Baltic sea and northern sea trade networks.
What are the effects of the trading alliance?
Improved business techniques
What are the 3 estates of social change?
Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work
Why is the order set up this way?
Set up as a result of good trade.
What is chivalry?
It means being very kind to women and having goo manners.
Who were the Troubadours
Poets of the time, wrote about love.
Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine?
She was a writer and very rich.
Who did Eleanor Influence?
She influenced literacy to all.
Who was St. Thomas Aquinas?
St. Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries and was adopted as the official philosophy of the church in 1917
What is Scholasticism?
Scholasticism was initially a program conducted by medieval Christian thinkers which basically combines religious theology with classical philosophy. It emphasizes both tradition and dogma.
Why will cities become more independent?
Because of their military power, lords
could dominate small towns and tax their wealth. As towns grew larger, however,
urban populations were increasingly able to resist the demands of nobles and guide
their own affairs.
What were guilds?
People of same occupation put in groups
Significance of guilds?
Good economically and socially
How will women fit into guilds?
Women are now able to fit in guilds b/c they were starting to be apart of occupations.
What were cathedral schools?
Sponsored by the church and used Latin, mainly for the rich.
What does Aristotle have to do with Scholasticism?
The monk dudes were trying to reconcile Christianity with Artistotle’s philosophy and logical reasonings.
What was the purpose of Universities?
Came from the transformation of cathedral schools. Very strict on only getting the best teachings. Very expensive but effective.
Describe how the Catholic religion evolves as it becomes more popular.
Roman Catholicism started with a great schism, but as it grew in popularity, the Catholics become very structured. For example they have very rigid church services where they wave a golden lamp with smoke, chant, say hail mary’s, do the cross symbol, and act like idiots.
Who were/are the Dominicans?
Dominicans are preachers, meaning they spread the Gospel through words and actions. In fact, the Dominican Order is also known as the Order of the Preachers.
Who were the Franciscans?
Basically they are the Spanish version of Dominicans. Franciscan missionaries hoped to spread Catholicism and convert the ‘heathen’ natives to a Catholic peasant class.
What is Heresey?
A religious belief opposed to the orthodox doctrines of a church; especially beliefs that are controversial. For example, having the belief that gay people will go to heaven.
Where is Vinland?
Vinland, the land of wild grapes in North America that was visited and named by Leif Eriksson about the year 1000 ce. Its exact location is not known, but it was probably the area surrounding the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in what is now eastern Canada.
Who was Leif Ericcson
Leif was a badass Norse explorer (aka Viking) who is thought to have been the first European to have set foot on continental North America, approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus. According to the sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, which is usually interpreted as being coastal North America.
How did Christianity spread to the Baltics?
A major effort to Christianise Lithuania and Livonia came about in the 13th Century. After the fall of the Crusading states in the Holy Land in 1292, the Teutonic Knights, a Germanic military crusading order, went on crusade to convert the Baltic people. They were joined by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and from this time the Baltic region became almost 100% Christian.
What was the Spanish Reconquista?
The Reconquista was a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims (Moors), who from the 8th century ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula. Visigoths had ruled Spain for two centuries before they were overrun by the Umayyad empire.
What groups “take back” the areas of Spain & Sicily?
Christian forces led by King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I kick the Moors (muslims) out of Spain.
What is the Reconquista a foretelling of?
The Crusades. Europeans decided to kick whoop-ass on the Muslims and kick them out of the Middle East, aka “the Holy land.”
Who was Pope Urban II? What did he call for and why?
He was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States. He is best known for convening the Council of Clermont which served as the catalyst for the Crusades. Pope Urban II makes perhaps the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of “Deus vult!” or “God wills it!”
What was the underlying reason for the crusades?
Their objectives were to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern Mediterranean, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories; they were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins.
