Ch. 21: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation (Notes) Flashcards
What is the effect of GH on long bone growth called in children and adolescents?
giantism
What is DI caused by?
insufficient secretion of ADH
What is the cardinal symptom of SIADH?
thirst
____ are usually benign, slow-growing tumors.
pituitary adenomas
What is an autoimmune disease that results in stimulation of the thyroid gland?
Graves’ disease
Although rare, ____ is the most common endocrine malignancy.
thyroid carcinoma
T/F: Statistically, type 1 diabetes is more common than type 2.
FALSE…Type 2 is more common.
What is the most common cause of deficient parathyroid hormone secretion?
trauma to the parathyroid gland related to thyroid surgery
Type I diabetes involves….whereas type II is related to…..
type I - the destruction of pancreatic beta cells
type II - insulin resistance of the body’s tissue cells
_____ is characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic stimuli for its release.
SIADH
What are the symptoms of SIADH a result of?
dilutional hyponatremia and water retention
What is a common cause of elevated levels of ADH secretion?
ectopically produced ADH
DI is a result of ______.
insufficient ADH
A man with a closed head injury has a urine output of 6 - 8 L/day. Electrolytes are within normal limits but his ADH level is low. Although he has had no intake for 4 hours, there is no change in his polyuria. What are these findings indicative of?
neurogenic DI
What does a diagnosis of SIADH require?
- a serum sodium level <280 mOsm/kg
3. urine hyperosmolarity
DI, DM, and SIADH all exhibit _____.
thirst
What is a result of dysfunctional ADH synthesis caused by a lesion of the posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, or pituitary stalk?
neurogenic DI
____ is associated with an insensitivity of the renal collecting tubules to ADH.
Nephrogenic DI
What are the basic criteria for diagnosing DI?
low urine specific gravity while sodium levels are high
PROTEIN levels are NOT considered*
How is neurogenic DI treated?
with ADH replacement therapy
What is the term correctly associated with the lack of ALL anterior pituitary hormones?
panhypopituitarism
Pressure on the ____ causes a variety of visual disturbances.
optic chiasm
The pressure produced by the tumor on neighboring anterior pituitary cells results in the hyposecretion of….
- GH
- Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)
- TSH
- ACTH
What is the terms for adults who have been exposed to continuously high levels of GH?
Acromegaly
What is the hallmark of a prolactinoma?
the sustained elevation of serum prolactin that is responsible for the symptomatology referred to in the stem.
The pathology of______indicates that normal regulatory mechanisms are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the stimulation of excessive TH.
Graves’ disease
The systemic symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis include….
hyperthermia and tachycardia
High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins are found in more than 95% of individuals experiencing_____.
Graves’ disease
The hyperfunction of the thyroid gland leads to suppression of ____ because of the normal negative feedback mechanism.
TSH
Graves’ disease is characterized by…
a diffused enlargement of the thyroid gland
One of the causes of hypothyroidism is….
a deficiency of endemic iodine
The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in decreased energy metabolism resulting in….
- constipation
- bradycardia
- lethargy
What is the most common causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism because of the resulting hyperphosphatemia that stimulates PTH secretion?
chronic renal failure
In hypothyroidism, a lack of circulating PTH causes a _____ resulting in the symptomatology.
depressed serum calcium level
A man with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has the following lab values: arterial pH 7.20; serum glucose 500 mg/dL; urine glucose and ketones positive; serum K+ 2 mEq/L; serum Na+ 130 mEq/L. He reports that he has been sick with the “flu” for 1 wk. What do you suspect is his problem?
decreased glucose use
- this causes increase in fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis all of which he has.
T/F: Glucose accumulates in the blood and appears in the urine as the renal threshold for glucose is exceeded, producing an osmotic diuresis and the symptoms of polyuria and thirst.
TRUE
What is one of the basic pathophysiologies of type 2 diabetes?
the development of insulin-resistant tissue cells
Lila (a pt. with type 1 diabetes) experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion. the most likely cause of these symptoms is _____, which is often caused by a lack of systemic glucose resulting from muscular activity.
hypoglycemia
What is the result of a compensatory mechanism directed at eliminating metabolic acidosis?
hyperkalemia
____ is ONLY seen in DKA.
Kussmaul respirations
Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is seen only in_____.
the Somogyi effect
What is the first manifestation of this form of renal failure? (?? What Butler had)
Microalbuminuria
What is common in individuals with DM because of increases in LDLs and TGs?
Hyperlipidemia
What are a result of capillary basement membranes thickening and endothelial cell hyperplasia?
Microvascular complications
What appears to be a response to retinal ischemia and RBC aggregation?
retinopathy
