Ch. 20 Endocrine and Hematologic Emergencies Flashcards
Acidosis
The buildup of exess acid in the blood or body tissues that can result ifrom a primary illness.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
A metabolic disorder in which the ability to metabolized carbohydrates (sugars) is impaired, usually because of a lack of insulin.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids (ketones) accumulate when insulin is not available.
Endocrine glands
Glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body.
Edocrine system
The complex message and control system that integrates many body bundtions, including the release of hormones.
Glucose
One of the basic sugars; it is the primary fuel, in gonjunction with oxygen, for cellular metabolism.
Hematology
The study and prevention of blood-related disorders.
Hemophelia
A hereditary condition in which the patient lacks one or more of the blood’s normal clotting factors.
Hormones
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.
Hyperglycemia
An abnormally high blood glucose level.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
A life-threatening condition resulting from high blood glucose that typically occurs in older adults and causes altered mental status, dehydration, and organ damage.
Hypoglycemia
An abnormally low blood glucose level.
Insulin
A hormone produced by the beta cells within the islets of Langerhans (endocrine gland located throughout the pancreas) that enables glucose in the blood to enter cells; used in synthetic form to treat and control diabetes mellitus.
Kussmaul respirations
Deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available to the body.
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst that persists for long periods despite reasonable fluid intake; often the result of excessive urination.
Polyphagia
Excessive eating; in diabetes, the inability to use glucose properly can cause a sense of hunger.
Polyuria
The passage of an unsusually large volume of urine in a given period; in diabetes, this can result from the waasting of glucose in the urine.
Sickle cell disease
A hereditary disease that causes normal, round, red blood cells to become oblong, or sickle shaped.
Symptomatic hyperglycemia
A state of unconsciousness resulting from several problems, including ketoacidosis, dehydration because of excessive urination, and hyperglycemia.
Symptomatic hypoglycemia
Severe hypoglycemia resluting in changes in mental status.
Thrombophilia
A tendency toward the development of blood clots as a result of an abnormality of the system of coagulation.
Thrombosis
A blood clot, either in the arterial or venous system.
Type 1 diabetes
An autoimmune disorder in shich the individual’s immune system produced antibodies to the pancreatic beta cells, and therefore the pancreas cannot produce insulin; onset in early childhood is common.
Type 2 diabetes
A condition in which insulin resistance developsin response to increased blood glucose levels; can be managed by exercise and diet modification, but is often managed by medications.
Vasoocclusive crisis
Ischemia and pain caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells that obstruct blood flow to a portion of the body.
