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A&P 2 > Ch. 20 > Flashcards

Ch. 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the kidneys

A

Acid base balance
Water balance
Toxins
Blood pressure
EPO
D Vitamin D activation

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2
Q

What chemical increases red blood cell production?

A

EPO

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3
Q

What is the correct flow of filtrate through the renal tubule

A

proximal tubule, descending loop, ascending loop, distal tubule

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4
Q

What is the sequence of blood flow through the kidneys?

A
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5
Q

What might increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Increase in blood pressure

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6
Q

What effect does vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole have on GFR?

A

increase

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7
Q

A body builder frequently consumes protein powder as part of his fitness regimen. He consumes more protein than his body actually uses. What happens to the excess protein?

A

converted to urea by the liver and excreted

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8
Q

The inflammation and pain in joints with gout is due to excess ___ in the plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in the great toe joint

A

Uric acid

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9
Q

What effect does a decrease in glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure have on glomerular filtration rates?

A

Increases GFR

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10
Q

What effect will diuretics have on the urinary system?

A

Increase volume and excrete it

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11
Q

Glomerular filtration produces about ___ liters of fluid in 24 hours?

A

180

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12
Q

Eating a lot of seafood can lead to intense pain in the big toe due to what disease process?

A

Gout

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13
Q

What is one possible cause of urinary incontinence in an older male?

A

Enlargement of prostate

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14
Q

What is the tough fibrous outer membrane covering the kidney?

A

Renal capsule

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15
Q

What organs make up the urinary system?

A

kidney (2), bladder, ureters (2), urethra

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16
Q

The renal corpuscle includes what 2 structures?

A

Glomerulus and glomelular capsule

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17
Q

A nephron consists of what 2 structures?

A

Renal tubule and renal capsule

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18
Q

The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the walls of what structure?

A

Distal tubule and collecting duct

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19
Q

What are normal constituents of urine?

A

Uric acid, urea, chloride, sodium, potassium

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20
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

Rate at which substances are removed from blood

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21
Q

What is an adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule that enhances reabsorption?

A

Microvilli

22
Q

How does the composition of glomerular filtrate differ from that of plasma?

A

Plasma contains large molecules and protein and glomerular does not

23
Q

Water channels in cell membranes formed by ___ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys?

A

Aquaporins

24
Q

What is a by product of amino acid catabolism in the liver?

A

Urea

25
Q

What percent of urea in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts, only to be secreted into the ascending limb?

A

80%

26
Q

What is meant by the term autoregulation?

A

Regulating to maintain constant GFR

27
Q

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is used to treat what?

A

Kidney stones

28
Q

What tube conveys urine outside the body?

A

Urethra

29
Q

Where is micturition reflex center?

A

Sacral segments of the spinal cord

30
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Smooth triangle shape segment of the floor of the bladder

31
Q

What organ contains the detrusor muscle?

A

Bladder

32
Q

Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the what?

A

Brainstem and cerebral cortex

33
Q

What is the medical term for bedwetting?

A

Nocturnal enuresis

34
Q

Kidney cells die as early as what age?

A

20

35
Q

Afferent arterioles are branches of the what?

A

Cortical radial arteries

36
Q

Blood flows from the efferent arterioles into the what?

A

Peritubular capillaries

37
Q

A renal corpuscle is a ___, whereas a renal tubule is a ____?

A

Cluster of blood capillaries and capsule ; glomerular capsule

38
Q

The first capillary bed associated with the nephron allows for what?

A

Filtration of blood

39
Q

Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate then moves into the what?

A

Renal tubule

40
Q

The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of what?

A

Proximal tubule

41
Q

Describe the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop

A

Water moves out of the descending limb and sodium moves out of the ascending limb.

42
Q

As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure ____ and filtration rate ____.

A

Drops ; decreases

43
Q

What is the function of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron?

A

Creates highly concentrated interstatial fluid, so urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts

44
Q

Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be ____ and potassium ions to be ____?

A

Reabsorbed ; excreted

45
Q

If glucose is not reabsorbed from the tubular fluid, _____ increases?

A

Osmotic pressure

46
Q

What is the product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases?

A

Uric acid

47
Q

The relative concentration of potassium is ____ in urine than in plasma or glomerular filtrate?

A

Higher

48
Q

The ureter extends downward _____ the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from ____

A

Behind ; below

49
Q

Order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?

A

Minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

50
Q

What is the voluntary component of micturition?

A

Relaxation of external sphincter

51
Q

Why are females at higher risks on contracting a urinary tract infection?

A

Female urethras are shorter than male’s

52
Q

Kidney shrinkage with age is due to what?

A

Loss of glomeruli

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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