Ch. 20 Flashcards
Function of the kidneys
Acid base balance
Water balance
Toxins
Blood pressure
EPO
D Vitamin D activation
What chemical increases red blood cell production?
EPO
What is the correct flow of filtrate through the renal tubule
proximal tubule, descending loop, ascending loop, distal tubule
What is the sequence of blood flow through the kidneys?
What might increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Increase in blood pressure
What effect does vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole have on GFR?
increase
A body builder frequently consumes protein powder as part of his fitness regimen. He consumes more protein than his body actually uses. What happens to the excess protein?
converted to urea by the liver and excreted
The inflammation and pain in joints with gout is due to excess ___ in the plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in the great toe joint
Uric acid
What effect does a decrease in glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure have on glomerular filtration rates?
Increases GFR
What effect will diuretics have on the urinary system?
Increase volume and excrete it
Glomerular filtration produces about ___ liters of fluid in 24 hours?
180
Eating a lot of seafood can lead to intense pain in the big toe due to what disease process?
Gout
What is one possible cause of urinary incontinence in an older male?
Enlargement of prostate
What is the tough fibrous outer membrane covering the kidney?
Renal capsule
What organs make up the urinary system?
kidney (2), bladder, ureters (2), urethra
The renal corpuscle includes what 2 structures?
Glomerulus and glomelular capsule
A nephron consists of what 2 structures?
Renal tubule and renal capsule
The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the walls of what structure?
Distal tubule and collecting duct
What are normal constituents of urine?
Uric acid, urea, chloride, sodium, potassium
What is renal clearance?
Rate at which substances are removed from blood
What is an adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule that enhances reabsorption?
Microvilli
How does the composition of glomerular filtrate differ from that of plasma?
Plasma contains large molecules and protein and glomerular does not
Water channels in cell membranes formed by ___ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys?
Aquaporins
What is a by product of amino acid catabolism in the liver?
Urea
What percent of urea in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts, only to be secreted into the ascending limb?
80%
What is meant by the term autoregulation?
Regulating to maintain constant GFR
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is used to treat what?
Kidney stones
What tube conveys urine outside the body?
Urethra
Where is micturition reflex center?
Sacral segments of the spinal cord
What is the trigone?
Smooth triangle shape segment of the floor of the bladder
What organ contains the detrusor muscle?
Bladder
Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the what?
Brainstem and cerebral cortex
What is the medical term for bedwetting?
Nocturnal enuresis
Kidney cells die as early as what age?
20
Afferent arterioles are branches of the what?
Cortical radial arteries
Blood flows from the efferent arterioles into the what?
Peritubular capillaries
A renal corpuscle is a ___, whereas a renal tubule is a ____?
Cluster of blood capillaries and capsule ; glomerular capsule
The first capillary bed associated with the nephron allows for what?
Filtration of blood
Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate then moves into the what?
Renal tubule
The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of what?
Proximal tubule
Describe the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop
Water moves out of the descending limb and sodium moves out of the ascending limb.
As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure ____ and filtration rate ____.
Drops ; decreases
What is the function of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron?
Creates highly concentrated interstatial fluid, so urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts
Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be ____ and potassium ions to be ____?
Reabsorbed ; excreted
If glucose is not reabsorbed from the tubular fluid, _____ increases?
Osmotic pressure
What is the product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases?
Uric acid
The relative concentration of potassium is ____ in urine than in plasma or glomerular filtrate?
Higher
The ureter extends downward _____ the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from ____
Behind ; below
Order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?
Minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
What is the voluntary component of micturition?
Relaxation of external sphincter
Why are females at higher risks on contracting a urinary tract infection?
Female urethras are shorter than male’s
Kidney shrinkage with age is due to what?
Loss of glomeruli
