Ch. 20

Question 1

Function of the kidneys

Answer 1

Acid base balance
Water balance
Toxins
Blood pressure
EPO
D Vitamin D activation

Question 2

What chemical increases red blood cell production?

Answer 2

EPO

Question 3

What is the correct flow of filtrate through the renal tubule

Answer 3

proximal tubule, descending loop, ascending loop, distal tubule

Question 4

What is the sequence of blood flow through the kidneys?

Question 5

What might increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 5

Increase in blood pressure

Question 6

What effect does vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole have on GFR?

Answer 6

increase

Question 7

A body builder frequently consumes protein powder as part of his fitness regimen. He consumes more protein than his body actually uses. What happens to the excess protein?

Answer 7

converted to urea by the liver and excreted

Question 8

The inflammation and pain in joints with gout is due to excess ___ in the plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in the great toe joint

Answer 8

Uric acid

Question 9

What effect does a decrease in glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure have on glomerular filtration rates?

Answer 9

Increases GFR

Question 10

What effect will diuretics have on the urinary system?

Answer 10

Increase volume and excrete it

Question 11

Glomerular filtration produces about ___ liters of fluid in 24 hours?

Answer 11

180

Question 12

Eating a lot of seafood can lead to intense pain in the big toe due to what disease process?

Answer 12

Gout

Question 13

What is one possible cause of urinary incontinence in an older male?

Answer 13

Enlargement of prostate

Question 14

What is the tough fibrous outer membrane covering the kidney?

Answer 14

Renal capsule

Question 15

What organs make up the urinary system?

Answer 15

kidney (2), bladder, ureters (2), urethra

Question 16

The renal corpuscle includes what 2 structures?

Answer 16

Glomerulus and glomelular capsule

Question 17

A nephron consists of what 2 structures?

Answer 17

Renal tubule and renal capsule

Question 18

The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the walls of what structure?

Answer 18

Distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 19

What are normal constituents of urine?

Answer 19

Uric acid, urea, chloride, sodium, potassium

Question 20

What is renal clearance?

Answer 20

Rate at which substances are removed from blood

Question 21

What is an adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule that enhances reabsorption?

Answer 21

Microvilli

Question 22

How does the composition of glomerular filtrate differ from that of plasma?

Answer 22

Plasma contains large molecules and protein and glomerular does not

Question 23

Water channels in cell membranes formed by ___ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys?

Answer 23

Aquaporins

Question 24

What is a by product of amino acid catabolism in the liver?

Answer 24

Urea

Question 25

What percent of urea in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts, only to be secreted into the ascending limb?

Answer 25

80%

Question 26

What is meant by the term autoregulation?

Answer 26

Regulating to maintain constant GFR

Question 27

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is used to treat what?

Answer 27

Kidney stones

Question 28

What tube conveys urine outside the body?

Answer 28

Urethra

Question 29

Where is micturition reflex center?

Answer 29

Sacral segments of the spinal cord

Question 30

What is the trigone?

Answer 30

Smooth triangle shape segment of the floor of the bladder

Question 31

What organ contains the detrusor muscle?

Answer 31

Bladder

Question 32

Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the what?

Answer 32

Brainstem and cerebral cortex

Question 33

What is the medical term for bedwetting?

Answer 33

Nocturnal enuresis

Question 34

Kidney cells die as early as what age?

Answer 34

20

Question 35

Afferent arterioles are branches of the what?

Answer 35

Cortical radial arteries

Question 36

Blood flows from the efferent arterioles into the what?

Answer 36

Peritubular capillaries

Question 37

A renal corpuscle is a ___, whereas a renal tubule is a ____?

Answer 37

Cluster of blood capillaries and capsule ; glomerular capsule

Question 38

The first capillary bed associated with the nephron allows for what?

Answer 38

Filtration of blood

Question 39

Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate then moves into the what?

Answer 39

Renal tubule

Question 40

The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of what?

Answer 40

Proximal tubule

Question 41

Describe the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop

Answer 41

Water moves out of the descending limb and sodium moves out of the ascending limb.

Question 42

As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure ____ and filtration rate ____.

Answer 42

Drops ; decreases

Question 43

What is the function of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron?

Answer 43

Creates highly concentrated interstatial fluid, so urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts

Question 44

Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be ____ and potassium ions to be ____?

Answer 44

Reabsorbed ; excreted

Question 45

If glucose is not reabsorbed from the tubular fluid, _____ increases?

Answer 45

Osmotic pressure

Question 46

What is the product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases?

Answer 46

Uric acid

Question 47

The relative concentration of potassium is ____ in urine than in plasma or glomerular filtrate?

Answer 47

Higher

Question 48

The ureter extends downward _____ the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from ____

Answer 48

Behind ; below

Question 49

Order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?

Answer 49

Minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 50

What is the voluntary component of micturition?

Answer 50

Relaxation of external sphincter

Question 51

Why are females at higher risks on contracting a urinary tract infection?

Answer 51

Female urethras are shorter than male's

Question 52

Kidney shrinkage with age is due to what?

Answer 52

Loss of glomeruli