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A&P 2 > Ch. 15 > Flashcards

Ch. 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessels called ___ carry blood toward the heart, and ___ carry blood away from the heart

A

veins ; arteries

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2
Q

Why is the cardiovascular system vital to survival?

A

bring O and nutrients to all cells

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3
Q

What is a function of the pulmonary circuit?

A

sends O poor blood to lungs

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4
Q

What is a function of the systemic circuit?

A

carries O poor blood to the heart

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5
Q

During ventricular contraction, what is the status of the atrioventricular valves?

A

closed

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6
Q

Name the tough outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart?

A

fibrous pericardium

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7
Q

What forms the skeleton of the heart?

A

white fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

What layer lines the chambers of the ehart?

A

endocardium

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9
Q

Name the layers of the wall of the heart and surrounding structures from deep to superficial?

A

endo, myo, epi, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

Blood entering the right atrium comes from what structure?

A

vena cavae and coronary sinus

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11
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

increases exretion of NA and water , decreases blood volume

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12
Q

What happens in the condition called mitral valve prolapse?

A

cusps stretch into L atrium during ventricular contraction

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13
Q

The pain of angina pectoris results from a blockage in an artery that supplies what structure/area?

A

heart

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14
Q

What chambers of the heart will contain O poor blood?

A

R atrium, R ventricle

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15
Q

Which valve is located between the L atrium and L ventricle?

A

mitral valve

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16
Q

What is the correct sequence of components of the cardiac conduction system?

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, R&L bundle branches, veroingee fibers

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17
Q

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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18
Q

What causes the P wave on ECG?

A

depolarazation of R atrial myocardium

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19
Q

What causes the T wave on ECG?

A

ventricular myocardiumO

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20
Q

n an ECG, the PQ interval indicates the time for a cardiac impulse to travel from the ___

A

SA node through the AV node

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21
Q

What term refers to an abnormally slow heart rate?

A

bradycardia

22
Q

The ventricular walls and the atrial walls each form a functional syncytium. What does this mean?

A

mass of cells functioning as 1 unit

23
Q

How does potassium affect heart rate?

A

electrical potential of cell membranes

24
Q

What is released by the endothelium?

A

nitric oxide

25
Q

What is the effect of nitric oxide in blood vessels?

A

vasodilation

26
Q

P wave on ECG

A

atrial depolarization

27
Q

QRS wave complex

A

ventricular depolarization

28
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

29
Q

In capillary beds, the net inward pressure at the venular ends of the capillaries is less than the net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of the capillaries. What is the result of this difference in pressure?

A

more fluid leaves capillaries, than returns

30
Q

What blood vessels hold the greatest volume of blood?

A

arteries

31
Q

Why does fluid leave capillaries at their arteriolar end and enter at the venular end?

A

higher hydrostatic pressure at arieolar end

32
Q

What does the Frank Starling law of the heart indicate

A

quantity of blood that enters the heart equals the amount that is pumped out

33
Q

What is increased when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases?

A

heart rate and stroke volume

34
Q

What is preload?

A

amount of stretch of myocardial cells before contracting

35
Q

What is the effect of vasoconstriction?

A

increased blood pressure

36
Q

Plasma proteins contribute to the ___ pressure of the blood

A

osmotic

37
Q

When is blood pressure in the large systemic arteries the greatest?

A

during ventricular systily

38
Q

What helps to return blood to the heart

A

svc, ivc, skeletal muscle

39
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume (SV)?

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

40
Q

How does angiotensin ll increase bp?

A

increased peipheral resistance

41
Q

What structures contain chemoreceptors that monitor blood levels of O and carbon dioxide?

A

aortic bodiesTh

42
Q

The pulmonary trunk divides into what 2 vessels?

A

R and L pulmonary arteries

43
Q

changes due to aging of the cardiovascular system?

A

increased BP, Increased pulse due to tunica interna thicken and openings are smaller

44
Q

Purpose of valves in veins and the heart

A

return blood to the heart and ensure 1 way blood flow

45
Q

Function of the papillary muscles of the heart?

A

prevent prolapse of valvesD

46
Q

ruing the cardiac cycle at the time of hightest ventricular pressure, what is the status of the heart valves?

A

AV closed, semilunar are open

47
Q

What causes the first heart sound? When does this occur?

A

closure of atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular cystily

48
Q

What occurs in arteries that results in the disease called atherosclerosis?

A

buildup of plaque in artery

49
Q

The ___ of the medulla oblongata send sympathetic signals to arteriolar smooth muscle, helping maintain peripheral resistance.

A

vaso motor center

50
Q

Location of O poor blood?

A

systemic veins and pulmonary arteries

51
Q

What happens that allows the SA nose spontaneously depolarize?

A

progressive increase in membrane permeability to Ca and NA. decrease in K

52
Q

How is the hepatic portal system different from other circulatory vessels?

A

blood flows from capillary to veins to a 2nd set of capillaries to veins before coming back to the heart

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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