Ch. 16

Question 1

Define pathogen.

Answer 1

disease causing agents

Question 2

What role does the lymphatic system play in moving body fluids?

Answer 2

moves interstatial fluid to the blood stream

Question 3

A lymphatic vessel is most similar to what?

Answer 3

veins

Question 4

From the collecting ducts, lymph enters _____ and becomes part of the _____

Answer 4

veins, plasma

Question 5

In what situation will there be an increase in lymph formation?

Answer 5

Increase in hydrostatic pressure in the tissue

Question 6

How does lymph differ from plasma?

Answer 6

lymph has only WBC, plasma has WBC and RBC

Question 7

One function of lymph

Answer 7

transports foreign particles, such as bacteria, to lymph nodes

Question 8

Tissue fluid is formed when fluid ____ and lymph is formed when fluid______

Answer 8

is forced out of blood plasma ; enters lymph capillaries

Question 9

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the what?

Answer 9

hilum

Question 10

Cervical lymph nodes filter lymph draining from what region?

Answer 10

memory gland, upper limbs, head, and neck

Question 11

Lymph nodes are located throughout the body except in the?

Answer 11

central nervous system

Question 12

Which cells function as phagocytes?

Answer 12

macrophages, dendrites, Natural Killer cells

Question 13

Describe spleen appearance

Answer 13

large lymph node, enclosed in connective tissue and subdivides into lobules.

Question 14

Name the calss of hormones that stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes.

Answer 14

Thymosins

Question 15

Red and white pulp are found in what structure?

Answer 15

spleen

Question 16

How can the innate defenses be characterized?

Answer 16

fast and non-specific

Question 17

How do viruses differ from other pathogens?

Answer 17

They cannot reproduce outside of a living cell.

Question 18

The redness and swelling that occurs with inflammation is due to what changes in the infected/injured tissue?

Answer 18

Increase in blood flow and capillary permeability

Question 19

What cells make up the mononuclear phagocytic system?

Answer 19

monocytes adn macrophages

Question 20

Virus-infected cells release ____ that function to protect nearby cells from becoming infected

Answer 20

interferons

Question 21

What type of phagocytic cells are circulating in the blood?

Answer 21

neutrophils and monocytes

Question 22

What is the effect of interleukin-1 secretion?

Answer 22

fever

Question 23

Mucus, tears, saliva, and hair are all examples of what type of defense against potential pathogens?

Answer 23

mechanical barriers

Question 24

What defense mechanism responds to the presence of foreign antigens by initiating a cascade of reactions, resulting in inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis in the area?

Answer 24

complement system

Question 25

Why is a short-term low-grade fever an effective innate defense?

Answer 25

Increases body temp which enhances effect of phagocytes.

Question 26

What responses to a pathogen are slower but more specific?

Answer 26

adaptive immune system

Question 27

What occurs during an adaptive immune response?

Answer 27

production of antibodies

Question 28

Following a tissue transplant, recipients typically need to take medication to what?

Answer 28

suppress their immune system

Question 29

What cell types are primarily responsible for immunity?

Answer 29

lymphocytes, macrophages

Question 30

T lymphocytes are responsible for what aspect of defense against infection?

Answer 30

cellular immune response

Question 31

What type of immunoglobulin is the most abundant of the circulating antibodies?

Answer 31

G (IgG)

Question 32

What is the target of cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 32

cancers

Question 33

How do cytotoxic T cells destroy their targeted cells?

Answer 33

releasing perforin, which pokes holes, triggering apoptosis (cell death)

Question 34

Newborns can be protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections when the receive ___ via their mother's milk

Answer 34

IgA

Question 35

Antigen-presenting cells engulf and digest an antigen, then insert antigen fragments on their cell surfaces in association with _____?

Answer 35

class 2 MHC proteins

Question 36

Rheumatic fever, Graves' disease and systemic lupus erythematosus are examples of what types of diseases?

Answer 36

autoimmune

Question 37

What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies?

Answer 37

presence of antigen triggers production of antibodies

Question 38

What is the function of plasma cells?

Answer 38

produce antibodies

Question 39

What occurs during a primary immune response?

Answer 39

antibody concentration slowly increases, peaking at 10-12 days post exposure

Question 40

What is the result of a cellular immune response?

Answer 40

T cells attach, attack foreign antigens and destroy them

Question 41

How does a vaccine produce its effects?

Answer 41

antigens stimulates, primary immune response

Question 42

Following contact with its targeted antigen, a B cell will divide and differentiate into ___ ___, which produce and secrete antibodies.

Answer 42

plasma cells

Question 43

Antibody actions against antigens include _____, in which the antibodies bind to antigen, forming an insoluble complex that can be phagocytized.

Answer 43

precipitation

Question 44

What is opsonization?

Answer 44

process of coding antigen with proteins to make it more easily phagocitized

Question 45

Immune cells called ____ are activated when their antigen receptors bind to displayed foreign antigens. They will then release cytokines that function to continue the immune response.

Answer 45

Helper T cells

Question 46

If a vaccine is given to most people in a population, it can halt the spread of an infection because of what?

Answer 46

herd immunity

Question 47

What part of an antibody molecule binds to its targeted antigen?

Answer 47

ends of molecules with light and heavy chain variables

Question 48

What occurs during an adaptive immune response?

Answer 48

Production of antibodies

Question 49

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets ____, which explains why both the humoral and cellular immune responses become inefficient as a result of HIV infection

Answer 49

Helper T cells

Question 50

Anaphylactic shock is a risk with what type of hypersensitivity?

Answer 50

Type 1