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A&P 2 > Ch. 16 > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogen.

A

disease causing agents

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2
Q

What role does the lymphatic system play in moving body fluids?

A

moves interstatial fluid to the blood stream

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3
Q

A lymphatic vessel is most similar to what?

A

veins

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4
Q

From the collecting ducts, lymph enters _____ and becomes part of the _____

A

veins, plasma

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5
Q

In what situation will there be an increase in lymph formation?

A

Increase in hydrostatic pressure in the tissue

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6
Q

How does lymph differ from plasma?

A

lymph has only WBC, plasma has WBC and RBC

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7
Q

One function of lymph

A

transports foreign particles, such as bacteria, to lymph nodes

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8
Q

Tissue fluid is formed when fluid ____ and lymph is formed when fluid______

A

is forced out of blood plasma ; enters lymph capillaries

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9
Q

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the what?

A

hilum

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10
Q

Cervical lymph nodes filter lymph draining from what region?

A

memory gland, upper limbs, head, and neck

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11
Q

Lymph nodes are located throughout the body except in the?

A

central nervous system

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12
Q

Which cells function as phagocytes?

A

macrophages, dendrites, Natural Killer cells

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13
Q

Describe spleen appearance

A

large lymph node, enclosed in connective tissue and subdivides into lobules.

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14
Q

Name the calss of hormones that stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes.

A

Thymosins

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15
Q

Red and white pulp are found in what structure?

A

spleen

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16
Q

How can the innate defenses be characterized?

A

fast and non-specific

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17
Q

How do viruses differ from other pathogens?

A

They cannot reproduce outside of a living cell.

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18
Q

The redness and swelling that occurs with inflammation is due to what changes in the infected/injured tissue?

A

Increase in blood flow and capillary permeability

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19
Q

What cells make up the mononuclear phagocytic system?

A

monocytes adn macrophages

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20
Q

Virus-infected cells release ____ that function to protect nearby cells from becoming infected

A

interferons

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21
Q

What type of phagocytic cells are circulating in the blood?

A

neutrophils and monocytes

22
Q

What is the effect of interleukin-1 secretion?

A

fever

23
Q

Mucus, tears, saliva, and hair are all examples of what type of defense against potential pathogens?

A

mechanical barriers

24
Q

What defense mechanism responds to the presence of foreign antigens by initiating a cascade of reactions, resulting in inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis in the area?

A

complement system

25
Q

Why is a short-term low-grade fever an effective innate defense?

A

Increases body temp which enhances effect of phagocytes.

26
Q

What responses to a pathogen are slower but more specific?

A

adaptive immune system

27
Q

What occurs during an adaptive immune response?

A

production of antibodies

28
Q

Following a tissue transplant, recipients typically need to take medication to what?

A

suppress their immune system

29
Q

What cell types are primarily responsible for immunity?

A

lymphocytes, macrophages

30
Q

T lymphocytes are responsible for what aspect of defense against infection?

A

cellular immune response

31
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is the most abundant of the circulating antibodies?

A

G (IgG)

32
Q

What is the target of cytotoxic T cells?

A

cancers

33
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells destroy their targeted cells?

A

releasing perforin, which pokes holes, triggering apoptosis (cell death)

34
Q

Newborns can be protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections when the receive ___ via their mother’s milk

A

IgA

35
Q

Antigen-presenting cells engulf and digest an antigen, then insert antigen fragments on their cell surfaces in association with _____?

A

class 2 MHC proteins

36
Q

Rheumatic fever, Graves’ disease and systemic lupus erythematosus are examples of what types of diseases?

A

autoimmune

37
Q

What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies?

A

presence of antigen triggers production of antibodies

38
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

produce antibodies

39
Q

What occurs during a primary immune response?

A

antibody concentration slowly increases, peaking at 10-12 days post exposure

40
Q

What is the result of a cellular immune response?

A

T cells attach, attack foreign antigens and destroy them

41
Q

How does a vaccine produce its effects?

A

antigens stimulates, primary immune response

42
Q

Following contact with its targeted antigen, a B cell will divide and differentiate into ___ ___, which produce and secrete antibodies.

A

plasma cells

43
Q

Antibody actions against antigens include _____, in which the antibodies bind to antigen, forming an insoluble complex that can be phagocytized.

A

precipitation

44
Q

What is opsonization?

A

process of coding antigen with proteins to make it more easily phagocitized

45
Q

Immune cells called ____ are activated when their antigen receptors bind to displayed foreign antigens. They will then release cytokines that function to continue the immune response.

A

Helper T cells

46
Q

If a vaccine is given to most people in a population, it can halt the spread of an infection because of what?

A

herd immunity

47
Q

What part of an antibody molecule binds to its targeted antigen?

A

ends of molecules with light and heavy chain variables

48
Q

What occurs during an adaptive immune response?

A

Production of antibodies

49
Q

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets ____, which explains why both the humoral and cellular immune responses become inefficient as a result of HIV infection

A

Helper T cells

50
Q

Anaphylactic shock is a risk with what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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