Ch 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards
mechanism
- living things are best understood in terms of machines
- all natural processes can be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry
determinism
- all acts are caused
reductionism
- events on one level are explained in terms of events on another level
empiricism
- all knowledge is due to experience
Rene Descartes
- father of modern philosophy
- solution to mind-body problem was interactive dualism
innate
- ideas not derived from sensory experience
- develop out of mind’s consciousness
- Rene Descartes
positivism
- scientific inquiry restricted to observable facts
- Auguste Comte
materialism
- only physical things truly exist
John Locke
- British empiricist
- argued all ideas come from experience
- man NOT born with innate ideas, mind is a blank slate
associationism
- complex ideas arise from linking simple ideas
primary qualities
- qualities of objects that exist independent of perception
- John Locke
secondary qualities
- qualities of objects that exist dependent on perception
- John Locke
George Berkeley
- British empiricist
- early proponent of mentalism
- NO primary qualities
- all knowledge depends on experience, perception is the only reality
mentalism
- perception is the only reality
David Hume
- British empiricist
- known as the ultimate skeptic
resemblance
- similarity strengthens association between ideas
- David Hume
contiguity
- proximity in time or space strengthens association between ideas
- David Hume
David Hartley
- British empiricist
- began the search for biological correlates of mental events
repetition
- frequent pairings strengthen association between 2 ideas
- David Hartley
James Mill
- British empiricist
- his work represents the culmination of associationism
- mind consisted of mental elements held together by the laws of association
John Stuart Mill
- British empiricist
- unlike father he argued mind is active in association of ideas
- complex ideas are aggregates of simple ideas
mental chemistry
- simple ideas combine to form complex ideas with emergent properties
- John Stuart Mill
significance of clocks
- when we mechanized time we mechanized ourselves
- if time can be measured, what else can be?
automata
- mechanical devices built to imitate human movement
Descartes mind and body view
- mind influences body (accepted theory)
AND - body influences mind (novel theory)
- mind = only thought
- body = machine, body is matter
Descartes’ dualism was novel in its added emphasis on the:
a) interaction between mind and body.
b) influence of the mind on the body.
c) influence of the body on the mind.
d) All of above
c) influence of the body on the mind
Which of the following slogans could be attributed to Berkeley?
a) I think, therefore I am.
b) It’s just a theory.
c) It’s all just matter in motion.
d) To be is to be perceived
d) to be is to be perceived
Which of the following statements is true?
a) For Hume, reason can analyze how billiard balls will move a priori without experience.
b) Locke compares the mind at birth to a blank tablet.
c) Both a and b.
d) Neither a nor b.
b) Locke compares the mind at birth to a blank tablet
derived ideas
- application of external stimulus
sensations
- sensory input
- ultimate source of ideas
- Locke
reflections
- directly resulting from mind’s ability to reflect on itself
- Locke
simple ideas
- elemental
- received passively by the mind
- actively transformed by reflection
complex ideas
- combo of simple ideas resulting from further experience
- can be broken down
who said this: “if two or more sensations are felt at the same time often enough, the one alone felt later can invoke a memory of the others”
- William James
