Ch. 2: Dental Examination Flashcards
What areas of the oral cavity should you examine when placing an ET tube?
Examine the pharynx, tonsils, and tongue
What is the normal occlusion called in dogs and cats?
A scissor bite (The mandibular teeth come into contact with the palatal side of the maxillary teeth
What is the palatal side of the incisors called?
Cingulum
The maxillary premolar teeth do not contact the mandibular premolar teeth.
True or False?
True; the crown cusps of the mandibular premolar teeth are positioned lingual to the arch of the maxillary premolar teeth
The mandibular teeth are approximately how much in front of their maxillary counterparts (pertaining to premolars)
1/2 of a tooth
What is periodontics?
Perio means around; dontics means tooth
Treatment of conditions in the surrounding tooth structure
Orthodontics definition
Treatment of disease related to the way the teeth fit together
Pedodontics definition
Pretains to the pediatric side of dentistry so this is dealing with puppy and kitten dental concerns
Prosthodontics definition
Restoring teeth to their normal shape (designing, manufacturing, and fitting of artificial replacements
What is the area of dental specialty that deals with the inside of the tooth?
A. Prosthodontics
B. Endodontics
C. Periodontics
D. Pedodontics
B. Endodontics; treats the inside or the pulp of the tooth
What is anodontia?
The absence of teeth
What are reasons for missing teeth in dogs or cats?
They may have never developed, they are slowly erupting (slower than normal), or they were present but fell out
Which breeds are likely to retain their teeth in the bone subgingivally?
Boxer, pug, and dachshund
What can retention of the teeth in the bone subgingivally result in?
This may lead to the formation of a dentigerous or follicular cyst
What is the general rule of thumb with persistent primary teeth?
There is no room for two teeth of the same type in the mouth at the same time
What is dentinogenesis Imperfecta caused by?
Mutations of a specific protein called dentin sialophosphoprotein (DPP), which is necessary for initiation of mineralization of dentin
Patients with dentinogenesis imperfecta have what clinical signs?
Without DPP, the teeth become brittle and patients have discolored teeth that are susceptible to fracture
Operculum definition
The soft tissue covering a partially erupted tooth crown (difficult to assess)
What is pericoronitis/Operculitis?
An accumulation of oral debris bacteria beneath the tissue or biting the operculum with the opposing tooth leads to inflammation of the soft tissues
Which oral disease/disorder are West Highland Terriers most likely to have inherited?
Cranial Mandibular Osteodystrophy
What is cranial mandibular osteodystrophy?
Nonneoplastic bone forms in the region of the TMJ and occassionally extends into the mandible (Treated symptomotically for pain, that lessens as they age)
What are mandibular periostitis ossifications and which animals does it usually occur in?
Periosteal new bone formation, which is thought to be an inflammatory condition that spontaneously disappears and causes a unilateral swelling of the ventral portion of the mandible (seen radiographically), occurs in immature large breed dogs
If left untreated, fracture primary teeth may result in what?
Abscessation, which can cause a defect in enamel production known as enamel hypoplasia and can form a fistula
What can supernumerary teeth cause if teeth are not extracted?
Malpositioning and noneruption of tother teeth and/or serve plaque accumulation and predispose to periodontal disease owing to the lack of normal cleaning action
What are peg teeth?
Abnormally formed supernumerary teeth that generally occur in the canine and incisors
What is a gemini tooth?
A tooth bud that has partially divided in the attempt to form two teeth (With radiograph, one root with twin drowns will be seen)
What is Class 1 malocclusion characterized by?
An overall normal occlusion but one or more teeth are not anatomically correct
What are the different forms of Class 1 malocclusion?
Spearing (lance) canines, spearing (lance) lateral incisors, base-narrowed canines, rostral crossbite, and caudal crossbite
What is spearing (lancing) of the canines and which breeds is it common in?
The maxillary canines are tipped rostrally; common in shetland sheepdogs and Persian cats
What can base-narrowed canines cause if left untreated?
Indentation into and ulceration of the hard palate, or even perforation of the palate
What occurs with a Class 2 malocclusion?
The mandible is shorter than normal and can cause the adult canines and incisors to penetrate the hard palate, and irritation and ulceration of the hard palate may result
What are the forms of Class 3 malocclusion?
Mandibular prognathism (madible is too long) and Maxillary brachygnathism (maxilla is too short)
What are the forms of Class 4 malocclusion?
Asymmetrical skeletal (wry bite) (incisors do not align correctly) and Iatrogenic orthodontic disease (misguided attempts to correct problems that causes severe malalignment)
When a mandibular tooth is misaligned buccally to a maxillary tooth in the rear of the mouth, it is called a:
A. Wrybite
B. Caudal crossbite
C. Mandibular brachygnathism
D. Based narrowed
B. Caudal crossbite
Gingivitis is the first stage of periodontal disease and is caused by what?
It is caused by bacterial plaque
What is contact mucositis aka contact ulcers and kissing ulcers?
Lesions in susceptible individuals that are secondary to mucosal contact with a tooth surface bearing the responsible irritant, allergen, or antigen
What is glossitis?
Inflammation of the mucosa of the dorsal and/or ventral tongue surface
What is cheilitis?
Inflamamtion of the lip, including the mucocutaneous junction area and skin of the lip
What is osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
What is stomatitis?
Inflammation of the mucous lining of any structures in the mouth; should be described as widespread oral inflammation that may also extend into submucosal tissues
Juvenile periodontitis is a condition in cats, usually less than how many years of age?
3 years of age
How is juvenile periodontitis characterized?
Minimal plaque and calculus but severe gingival inflammation
What are the 4 different autoimmune conditions that affect the mouth?
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), bullous pemphigoid (BUP), lupus erythematosus (LE), and masticatory muscle myositis (MMM)
What is pemphigus vulgaris (PV)?
An autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies against components of the protein structures that hold the cells together
What are the signs of pemphigus vulgaris (PV)?
Oral blisters and/or ulcerative oral and mucocutaneous lesions
What is bullous pemphigoid (BUP)?
An autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies against the structures that hold the epithelium to the connective tissues
What are the clinical signs of bullous pemphigoid (BUP)?
Erythematous, erosive, blistering, and/or ulcerative oral lesions
What is lupus erythematosus (LE)?
An autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies against both the nucleus and cytoplasm (Involves the oral cavity, skin, and multiple organs)
What is masticatory muscle myositis (MMM)?
Aka atrophic myositis, or eosinophilic myositis is an autoimmune disease caused by the body mistaking 2M fibers in the muscles of the jaw for bacteria
What dog breeds does masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) mainly occur in?
Large breeds and cavalier king charles spaniels
When acute masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) is present, what are the clinical signs seen?
Bilateral swelling of the jaw muscles, drooling, pain in opening the mouth, third eyelid protrusion, red eyes, and exophthalmos
After the acute phase of masticatory muscle myositis (MMM), what are the clinical signs seen?
Atrophy of the jaw muscles and scarring of the masticatory muscles caused by fibrosis that may result in an inability to open the mouth (trismus)
What muscles are affected by MMM?
Temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles
2M fibers are found everywhere in the body.
True or False?
False; they only occur in the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles of the jaw
How is MMM diagnosed?
Biopsy of the temporalis or masseter muscles or the 2M antibody assay
What is the treatment for MMM?
Corticosteroids (Prednisone) for up to 4-6 months
What does MMM often get misdiagnosed as?
A retroorbital abscess
Stains on the teeth usually result from what?
Occlusal wear and exposure of dentin
Dentin and cementum are more resistant to staining then enamel.
True or False?
False; dentin and cementum stain easily
Abrasions of the teeth are the result of what?
Repeated friction of the teeth against an external object such as hair or toys
What is a common cause of abrasions on the teeth?
Tennis balls
Attrition of the teeth are the result of what?
The friction of teeth against each other
Attirtion commonly occurs with what abnormal occlusion?
Class 3 malocclusion (mandibular prognathism)
What is amelogenesis imperfecta?
Imperfect or abnormal enamel formation
What are examples of amelogenesis imperfecta conditions?
Enamel hypoplasia and enamel hypo mineralization
What is enamel hypoplasia?
The area of the crown becomes dull and susceptible to flaking due to the absence or interruption of enamel forming cells
What are causes of enamel hypoplasia?
High fever, trauma, traumatic extractions, or infection
What are the two classes of caries?
Class 1 and Class V (5)
How are class 1 caries characterized?
As pits and fissures on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth
How are class V caries characterized?
Pits and fissures on the buccal and labial surfaces
Treatment options for caries?
Extraction, simple restorations, endodontic therapy, and crown restorations
Class V caries are common in what species?
Cats
