Ch 2 Flashcards
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites
Epimysum
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle
Skeletal system
The body’s framework composed of bones and joints
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Neural activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the center so nervous system from at mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement
Joint receptors
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and the deceleration of the joint
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
Synovial joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule as ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
Joints
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation
Epiphyseal plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs
Perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Sacromere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
Muscle spindles
Receptors sensitive to the change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Bones
Provides a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
Appendicular skeletal system
Portion of the skeletal system that includes upper and lower extremities
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
Vertebral column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
Epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth
Central nervous system
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which is covered by a synovial membrane
Muscular system
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Axial skeletal system
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion
Medullar cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
Osteoblasts
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of the long bone
Remodeling
The process of resorption and formation of bone
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
Nervous system
A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body
Motor function
The neuromuscular response to sensory information
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Human Movement System
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal system
Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system
