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Pathophysiology HLTH300 > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging

1
Q

A nurse is caring for four clients. Select the client at greatest risk for high blood levels of lead.

A

A 2-year-old anemic child who lives in a turn-of-the-century home (pg. 38)

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2
Q

Select the statement that best describes apoptosis.

A

Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells (pg. 42-43)

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3
Q

The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind-chill factor is -10 degrees Fahrenheit. When assessing the man’s fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which of the following types of cellular injury?

A

Hypoxic (pg. 41)

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4
Q

A home health nurse is making a visit to a family with an 8-month-old infant with severe motor deterioration. The physician has diagnosed the infant with Tay-Sachs disease. The parents are asking the nurse why this happened. The nurse will base her answer knowing the root cause of Tay-Sachs is:

A

Enzyme defect causing abnormal lipid accumulation in the brain. (pg. 34)

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5
Q

A nurse in the ER admits a male client who has experienced severe frostbite to his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes that which of the following phenomena has contributed to his tissue damage?

A

Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia (pg. 41)

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6
Q

Which of the following would help a nurse best describe a finding of hypertrophy on a lab report?

A

Increase size of the cell (pg. 32)

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7
Q

A patient is admitted with an alteration in arterial blood gases. Cellular injury is most likely to result from which of the following aspects of this abnormality?

A

Hypoxia (pg. 41)

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8
Q

A patient’s lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the patient the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which of the following findings was most likely on the lap report?

A

Dysplasia (Pg. 34)

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9
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapy and its effects on the body?

A

Antineoplastic cells directly damage cells (pg. 38)

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10
Q

Which of the following children is at greatest risk of lead toxicity?

A

The child with a lead level of 10 ug/mL (pg. 38-39)

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11
Q

Which of the following statements is true in relation to lead exposure?

A

Lead is absorbed through the GI tract or lungs. (pg. 38)

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12
Q

A patient is admitted with frostbite. Which of the following will the nurse tell the patient about the changes that have occurred due to cold exposure?

A

Col increases blood viscosity and thrombosis (pg. 36)

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13
Q

Which of the following happens when a cell is confronted with a decrease in work demands?

A

cell becomes smaller (pg. 32)

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14
Q

Which of the following exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy?

A

Muscle mass increase with exercise (pg. 32)

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15
Q

The provider removes a cast from a teenager’s arm. The client asks why the muscle in the arm is smaller than it was. The provider explains that this reduction is caused by which of the following?

A

Disuse (pg. 32)

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16
Q

The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as which of the following?

A

Physiologic hypertrophy (pg. 32-33)

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17
Q

The parents of an anemic 4-year-old child tell the pediatrician that the child has been behaving differently and having abdominal discomfort. Realizing that the family lives in an older, urbanized community, the provider tests the child for which of the following?

A

Lead (pg. 38)

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18
Q

The student is reviewing the aging process. One group of theories of aging involves the shortening of telomeres until a critical minimal length is attained and then senescence ensues. These theories are known as which of the following?

A

Cellular theories (pg. 45)

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19
Q

Mercury is a toxic substance, and the hazards of mercury-associated occupational and accidental exposures are well known. What is the primary source of mercury poisoning today?

A

Fish such as tuna and swordfish (pg. 39)

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20
Q

When confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions, most cells are able to revert to a smaller size and a lower, more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival. This decrease in cell size is known as:

A

atrophy (pg. 32)

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21
Q

A client with diabetes who is diagnosed with a gangrenous right heel ulcer presents with a wound that has no line of demarcation, is spreading rapidly and has a foul odor. The healthcare worker recognizes these manifestations as:

A

Moist gangrene (pg. 44)

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22
Q

The nurse is caring for a patient brought to the emergency department by emergency medical personnel after chocking on a peanut and collapsing. The emergency personnel was able to partially clear the obstruction, but the patient experienced prolonged hypoxia. The nurse anticipates that the resulting cerebral infarction will lead to which of the following?

A

Coagulation necrosis (pg. 44)

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23
Q

The radiologist is reviewing potential types of radiation therapy for a client. Select the type of radiation that directly breaks down chemical bonds in a cell.

A

Ionizing radiation (pg. 37)

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24
Q

The nurse is counseling a heaving smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells the smoker that the due persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, columnar cells may turn into squamous cells as a method of adaptation know as which of the following?

A

Metaplasia (pg. 33-34)

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25
Q

A nurse, working with a pregnant woman, explains that breast size increases as a result of which physiological manifestation?

A

Hyperplasia (pg. 33)

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26
Q

Which of the following statements would a nurse tell a patient that best describes a lab finding of metaplasia?

A

This is a change in cell form as it adapts to increased work demands or threats to survival (pg. 34)

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27
Q

A nurse is teaching a class on health promotion and includes information about the risk of ultraviolet radiation. Which concepts should be included in this class? Select all that apply.

A

Ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of skin cancer

Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA (pg. 38)

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28
Q

Which of the following assessments supports the finding of lead toxicity?

A

Hemoglobin 9 g/dL (pg. 38)

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29
Q

What happens as a cell’s workload declines? Select all that apply.

A

Oxygen consumption decreases
Protein synthesis decreases
Cell size decreases
(pg. 32)

30
Q

Which of the following causes atrophy? Select all that apply.

A

Disuse
Denervation
Decreased blood flow
(pg. 32)

31
Q

The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of which of the following?

A

Hypertrophy (pg. 32-33)

32
Q

The provider explains to the client, who smokes, that cells in the trachea are substituted with cells that are better able to survive. This process is known as which of following?

A

Metaplasia (pg. 33-34)

33
Q

In a genetic disorder called xeroderma pigmentosum, an enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by what?

A

Extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in the skin that has been exposed to the sun. (pg. 38)

34
Q

Biologic agent differ from other injurious agents in that they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects. How do Gram-negative bacteria cause harm to the cell?

A

Gram-negative bacilli release endotoxins that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability. (pg. 39)

35
Q

Microscopic examination of tissue samples from a deceases client’s liver reveal that the hepatocytes contain pathologic vacuoles of fat. The nurse should understand what significance of this finding?

A

This phenomenon may have been reversible if the client had undertaken lifestyle change. (pg. 42)

36
Q

A public health nurse is conducting a wellness seminar in which a participant has asked how to minimize the potentially harmful effects of free radicals. What should the nurse recommend?

A

Make dietary changes and limit UV exposure (pg. 39)

37
Q

A nurse practitioner is preparing to perform a client’s Pap smear and is answering the client’s questions about the clinical rationale for the procedure. The nurse should describe what phenomenon?

A

Dysplasia of the cervical epithelium is associated with a high risk of cancer. (pg. 34)

38
Q

Which cellular adaptation to changes in the internal environment would be concerning to the nurse? select all that apply?

A

Apoptosis
Necrosis
(pg. 42-44)

39
Q

The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breastfeeding, her breast tissue will reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which physiologic process.

A

Apoptosis (pg. 42)

40
Q

A client has an increased serum lactic acid level. The physician understand this is indicative of which disease?

A

Ischemia (pg. 41)

41
Q

A 68 year-old male client with aortic stenosis secondary to calcification of the aortic valve is receiving care. Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of this client’s condition?

A

The client has possible undergone damage as a result of calcification following cellular injury (pg. 35)

42
Q

A 7 year-old boy is admitted to the hospital with a suspected diagnosis of lead toxicity. Which of the following assessment findings is most congruent with the client’s diagnosis?

A

Hemoglobin 9.9 g/dL (pg. 38)

43
Q

A nurse is teaching a group of older adults about the value of including foods containing antioxidants in their diet. Which of the following statements best captures the rationale underlying the nurse’s advice?

A

Antioxidant inhibit the actions of reactive oxygen species (pg. 40)

44
Q

Which of the following enzymes listed below are responsible for cancer cells ability to prevent aging of the cells and contributes to cellular immortality that is so characteristic of this disease process?

A

Telomerase (pg. 45)

45
Q

The nurse is teaching a patient about genetic disorders. Which of the following contains the genetic code?

A

DNA (pg. 37)

46
Q

Which intervention should a nurse stress when teaching clients how to avoid exposure to lead in their environment? Select all that apply

A

Avoid flaking paint
Lead can contaminate soil
Root vegetables can contain more lead than other vegetables
(pg. 38-39)

47
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning hyperplasia?

A

It is in response to a stimulus (pg. 33)

48
Q

Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?

A

Uterine enlargement in pregnancy (pg. 33)

49
Q

An adult client who recently woked in an overseas metal smelter has developed several symptoms that cause the care team to suspect lead poisoning. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse attribute to this problem? Select all that apply?

A

Elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen
Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit
(pg. 35)

50
Q

A client is admitted with cold exposure. How should the nurse explain the changes experienced by the client?

A

Decrease in blood flow leads to hypoxia
Hypoxia leads to tissue injury and death
Vasoconstriction leads to decreased blood flow to tissues
(pg. 36)

51
Q

A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following two weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client’s muscle cells?

A

A reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction treatment (pg. 32)

52
Q

A client who has a diagnosis of lung cancer is scheduled to begin radiation treatment. The nurse knows that which of the following statements listed below about potential risks of radiation is most accurate.

A

Some clients experience longer-term irritation of skin adjacent to the treatment site (pg. 37)

53
Q

A patient’s lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the patient the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which of the following finding was most likely to appear on the lab report?

A

Dysplasia (pg. 34)

54
Q

A patient is admitted with frostbite. Which of the following will the nurse tell the patient about the changes that have occurred due to cold exposure?

A

Cold increases blood viscosity and thrombosis (pg. 36)

55
Q

A patient is receiving radiation to the abdominal area as part of cancer treatment. Which assessment findings would the nurse expect to find? Select all that apply?

A

Dermatitis (abdomen)

Diarrhea (pg. 37)

56
Q

Which of the following exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy?

A

Muscle mass increase with exercise (pg. 32)

57
Q

The student is reviewing the aging process. One group of theories of aging involves the shortening of telomeres until a critical minimal length is attained and then senescence ensues. These theories are know as which of the following?

A

Cellular theories (pg. 45)

58
Q

A client was stranded when his automobile broke down while traveling in the mountains. The client had to walk 15 miles to the nearest gas station, and the outside temperature was 20 degrees The client was a risk for ?

A

Increased blood viscosity and vasoconstriction (pg. 36)

59
Q

Which of the following statement would a nurse tell a patient to best describe apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is the natural removal of injured or worn out cells (pg. 42)

60
Q

A client’s ECG reveals that he is suffering from a MI. Prompt interventions are chosen to minimize further myocardial harm. What damage is the care team trying to prevent?

A

Cellular hypoxia (Pg. 40)

61
Q

A client developed dystrophic calcification as a result of macroscopic deposition of calcium salts. The tissue that would be most affected would be:

A

Injured tissue (pg. 35)

62
Q

Which of the following should be included in the teaching plan of care for parents of a child with Tay-Sachs disease?

A

The disorder involves the accumulation of abnormal lipids (pg. 34)

63
Q

Which student statement demonstrates a sound understanding of the cellular processes of hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

I know that cells like neurons have little capacity for hyperplastic growth. (pg. 33)

64
Q

Intracellular buildup of substances that can be either normal or toxic occurs in which of the following areas of the cell?

A

Lysosomes (pg. 34)

65
Q

Which of the following describes how atrophied cells survive?

A

Through decreased oxygen consumption (pg. 32)

66
Q

A patient is admitted with an electrical burn and a fractured arm. Which cause related to the burn likely is responsible for the fracture?

A

The client had violent muscle contractions during the electrical injury (pg. 36)

67
Q

A patient with hyperparathyroidism has hypercalcemia. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

A

Metastatic calcification (pg. 35)

68
Q

The practitioner examines his client’s foot and observes the great tow to be black and dry. The practitioner explains to the client that the dead tissue is caused by which of the following?

A

Dry gangrene (pg. 44)

69
Q

The ED nurse explains to the orientee that extremes of temperature can cause cell injury. The nurse knows that the orientee understands when he states which of the following?

A

Exposure to cold may lead to hypoxic tissue injury (pg. 35)

70
Q

A yellow-brown pigment that accumulates in neurons and may be a sign of cellular stress is

A

Lipfuscin (pg. 34)

Pathophysiology HLTH300 (13 decks)

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