Ch. 2, 3, 4 Genomics, Stems Cells, PRP Flashcards
what does mRNA code for
messenger RNA which codes for protein sequences
what does rRNA code for
ribosomal RNA codes for mitochondrial ribosomal subunits involved in translation
what does tRNA code for?
transfer RNA which codes for amino acid binding units that bind to mRNA molecules
what does small nuclear RNA code for?
the units of the spliceosomes, the complex of RNA and protein that removes the introns from transcribed RNA
What does small nucleolar RNA code for
molecules involved in RNA modification
What mediates the transcription process? and where does it primarily occur?
DNA directed RNA polymerase
in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and a little in the mitochondria
What elements of DNA are highly conserved between mammalian species
non coding segments - they are usually coding for regulation of development
what is reverse transcriptase
a protein that can generate a DNA sequence from an RNA template
what are retrotransposons
sequences of DNA that can move around the genome of a cell
They are transcribed to mRNA and then back to DNA using reverse transcriptase
the DNA then can be integrated back into the genome and that may result in mutations
ex. long terminal repeats (similar to retroviruses), short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs)
What is an example of a transposon causing disease in a dog?
- Lamellar ichthyosis in Jack Russell terriers occurs following insertion of a LINE sequence into intron 9 of the transglutaminase 1 gene (TGM1)
- heredity myopathy in Labrador retrievers is caused by a tRNA derived SINE positioned in exon 2 of the protein tyrosine phosphatase like member A (PTPLA)
What four transcription factors will reprogram human somatic cells into functional pluripotent stem cells
OCT4
SOX2
NANOG
LIN28
what is the imprinting of genes
the expression of only a single allele of a gene of the two copies inherited by the parents, rather than both copies
what does a western blot measure
detects specific proteins
detect small quantities of proteins in limited samples
what does an ELISA measure
detects antigens or antibodies
can detect almost any antigen for which the corresponding antibody is available or vice versa
rapid and suited for high throughput screening
what is the difference between a prognostic factor and a predictive factor
a prognostic factor is a measure of the natural history of the disease. it is most appropriately assessed in a control group from a randomized clinical trial
a predictive factor suggests that the differential benefit of therapy is dependent on the status of the predictive marker
What causes the MDR1 mutation toxicity
in collies, a 4 base pair deletion in MDR1 gene leads to a stop codon that prematurely terminates MDR1 protein synthesis
MDR1 protein is a large transmembrane P glycoprotein that helps in drug transport at the blood brain barrier
with abnormal MDR1, ivermectin will accumulate in the brain
what are the three broad classes of stem cells
embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells
fetal/perinatal stem cells
what does totipotent mean
potential to differentiate into cells of each germ layer (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) as well as trophodectoderm (extraembyronic tissue)
what does pluripotent mean
potential to differentiate into the three germ layers but not the extraembryonic tissues
what does multipotent eman
differentiate into cells within a single germ cell layer lineage
what are the criteria for calling something a mesenchymal stem cell by the Dominici et al 2006 paper
- adhere to tissue culture plastic and exhibit a spindle shape
- form colonies of cells from single parent cells when cultured in low density
- express a specific set of cell marker proteins that exclude the cells from hematopoietic lineages
- possess the ability to differentiate into osteoblast, adipocytes, and chondrocytes
what are some antiinflammatory agents produced by mesenchymal stem cells
TNF alpha-stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6)
interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
Prostaglandin E2
what are the steps of the mesengenic process of stem cell differentiation?
- proliferation
- commitment
- lineage progression
- differentiation
- maturation
what would be the most readily accessible stem cells on the clinic floor?`
bone marrow concentrate aka stromal vascular fraction using systems from MediVet or InGeneron or Vetbiologics
these have a minor population of stem/progenitor cells along with other nucleated cells
outcomes might not be predictable because who knows what percentage of stem cells you are putting in
How are veterinary mesenchymal stem cells administered locally to a site of injruy
either in a soluble solution, injected in conjunction with a platelet rich plasma or fibrin gel, attached to a scaffold/matrix
what has direct IV injection of mesenchymal stem cells been associated with
myocardial infarction or ischemia
pulmonary edema
hemorrhage
what protein is necessary to maximize dog osteogenic differentiation from stem cells?
BMP 2 or bone morphogenic protein 2
What should the concentration of platelets be to be considered PRP
at least 3 to 5 times higher than the concentration in peripheral blood
What is IRAP
interleukin 1 receptor antagonist or interleukin 1 receptor protein will competitively inhibit IL 1 beta activity
collected with a conditioner and must be incubated for several hours
like PRP, concentrations are variable in your end product
