Ch. 104-108 Thorax and CV Flashcards

1
Q

which lung lobes, left or right, project more cranially?

A

the left cranial lung lobes project slightly more cranially and may even project cranial to the first ribs during inspiration

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2
Q

where do the intercostal arteries come from?

A

the first 3-4 are branches of the thoracic vertebral artery and the remainder are branches of the aorta

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3
Q

what is typically the best approach to the trachea and esophagus?

A

a RIGHT intercostal approach

animals with a PRAA still best to come in from the left

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4
Q

which side of the pleural cavity, right or left, is larger?

A

the right pleural cavity is larger than the left because of leftward displacement of the caudal mediastinal wall
The left pleural cupula is larger than the right and extends farther cranially

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5
Q

what is the pulmonary ligament?

A

a triangular fold of relatively avascular pleura on each side of the respective caudal lung lobe
on the left and right, it extends approximately a few cm caudal to the large caudal pulmonary vein (and accessory lung lobe on the right) and reflects onto the dorsal mediastinal pleura

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6
Q

what is the mediastinal recess?

A

it is formed by the plica vena cavae

the dorsal opening encompasses the accessory lung lobe

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7
Q

what is the blood supply to the parietal pleura?

A

intercostal, diaphragmatic, pericardial arteries

drained by the azygous and internal thoracic veins

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8
Q

what is the blood supply to the visceral pleura

A

supplied by lower pressure pulmonary circulation - pulmonary and bronchial arteries

drained via bronchial veins

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9
Q

what is the functional residual capacity

A

the volume of air remaining in the lung at the end of normal exhalation
about 45 ml/kg

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10
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the summation of air within functional alveoli and dead space

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11
Q

which is higher? the hydrostatic pressure pressure gradient across the parietal pleura between the systemic circulation and pleural space or across the visceral pleura between the pulmonary capillaries and pleural space?

A

the hydrostatic pressure across the parietal pleura between the systemic circulation and pleural space

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12
Q

which is greater? the osmotic pressures of the systemic and pulmonary vascular beds or those of the intrapleural fluid?

A

the systemic and pulmonary vascular beds

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13
Q

what is the dominant coronary artery in dogs? in cats?

A

in dogs, the dominant coronary artery is the left

in cats, it is the right

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14
Q

where does the great coronary vein originate from?

A

the paraconal interventricular groove –> runs parallel to the paraconal branch of the left coronary artery before turning and coursing with the circumflex branch in the AV groove
The great coronary vein drains into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium

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15
Q

what supplies the pericardium

A

the pericardicophrenic arteries, which come from the internal thoracic, and also course with the phrenic nerves
the nervous supply is parasympathetic and sympathetic - the sympathetic fibers are carried by the ventrolateral and ventro medial cervical cardiac nerves

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16
Q

what are the layers of an artery

A

tunica adventitia/externa
tunica media
tunica intima

17
Q

what is the tunica adventitia

A

the outermost layer of an artery
composed of connective tissue fibroblasts and collagen and should be dissected from the cut end of vessels involved in a reconstruction to avoid inadvertent infolding of the adventitia into the lumen

18
Q

what composes the tunica media

A

smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue

19
Q

what composes the tunica intima

A

endothelial cells

20
Q

in what size vessel is a transverse arthrotomy/venotomy recommended over a longitudinal?

A

less than 4 mm

21
Q

what is Kunlin’s technique?

A

start the pattern with a horizontal mattress in each corner and then gently grasp and evert the tissues with forceps during subsequent suture placement

22
Q

how does triangulation aid in vascular surgery anastomosis

A

allows the surgeon to rotate the vessel in multiple planes which improves exposure and suturing accuracy
also allows the surgeon to accomodate small discrepancies in vessel size by distributing any disparity among three separate suture lines

23
Q

what is the optimum angle for an end to side anastomosis to minimize turbulence? what is the typical angle we end up with?

A

less than 30-45 degrees is ideal

75 seems to do okay

24
Q

what is Eck’s fistula

A

a communication between the portal vein and vena cava