Ch. 2

Question 0

Plenitude

Answer 0

Plato; all that can exist does exist

Question 1

Lamarck Evolutionary System

Answer 1

1) Form follows function related to environment change

2) driving progress to scala naturae

Question 2

Scala naturae

Answer 2

Continuous chain of beings with God at pinnacle

Question 3

What were the weaknesses in downward classification

Answer 3

• Unwieldy for large flora/fauna
• only single character at each step
• artificiality

Question 4

Shift to upward classification

Answer 4

From steps in l. Div to ranks in hierarchy

• greater importance of higher categories
• multiple characters define group

Question 5

Adanson

Answer 5

Botanist pioneered multiple-character grouping; no a priori elevation

Question 6

Inclusive hierarchy

Answer 6

Cf scala naturae; nested groups

Question 7

Similarity due to affinity vs analogy

Answer 7

Aff= common ancestry
Ana= independent acquisition of function

Question 8

Ernest Haeckel

Answer 8

Classification necessarily followed from phylogenetic knowledge
-pursued methods of recovering phylogeny (ontogeny)

Question 9

Phenetics

Answer 9

“Numerical taxonomy”; quantitative method to automatically group spp; ignored common descent; compile many character data for each OTU

Question 10

Issue with phenetics

Answer 10

Conceptually weak; difficult to find enough characters; no new tax insights

Question 11

Cladistics

Answer 11

Classification should be explicitly based on phylogeny; sister groups; monophyletic taxa; diagnosable by synapomorphies

Question 12

Willi Hennig

Answer 12

Phenetics; dichotomous branching