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ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm

A

Combines cognitive theory and behavioral theory

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2
Q

what does the cog. behavioral paradigm emphasize

A

Emphasizes
- schemas
- attention
- cognitive distortion about life experiences and their influence on behavior

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3
Q

Factors that cut across the Paradigms

A
  • Emotion
  • Sociocultural factors
  • Interpersonal factors
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4
Q

Diathesis-Stress: An Integrative Paradigm

A
  • An integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors
  • Diathesis (underlying predisposition) + stress (environmental factors
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5
Q

the paradigms

A
  • the genetic paradigm
  • the neuroscience paradigm
  • cognitive behavioral paradigm
  • diathesis-stress paradigm
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6
Q

paradigm

A

Perspective or conceptual framework from w/in which a scientist operates

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7
Q

The Genetic Paradigm

A

Heredity plays role in most behavior

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8
Q

genes

A

Carriers of genetic information (DNA)

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9
Q

genes are impacted by

A

environmental influences
E.g. stress, relationships culture

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10
Q

what is the relationship btwn genes and environment

A

bidirectional (nature via nurture)

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11
Q

Gene expression:

A

Proteins influence whether the action of a specific gene will occur

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12
Q

Polygenic transmission:

A

Characteristics, behaviors etc, are expressed through multiple gene pairs rather than one pair

Neumonic- a group of Polly pockets that all make up one anxiety

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13
Q

Heritability

A

Extent to which variability in behavior is due to genetic factors - in populations not people
range = 0.00 to 1.00

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14
Q

types of environments

A

shared environment
nonshared environment

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15
Q

shared environment

A

Events and experiences that family members have in common

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16
Q

nonshared environment

A

Events and experiences unique to each family member

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17
Q

behavior genetics

A

Study of the degree to which genes and environmental factors influence behavior

Neumonic: behavior (sassy lady) and genetics ( genes) with a temperature thing asking this much?

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18
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic material inherited by an individual
Unobservable

Neumonic: bobs burgers gene is invisible just like his father

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19
Q

phenotype

A
  • Expressed genetic material
  • Observable behavior and characteristics
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20
Q

what do phenotypes depend on

A
  • Depends on interaction of genotype and environment
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21
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

Identifies particular genes and their functions

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22
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene
Found in same location (locus) of a chromosome pair

Neumonic: the Ls in alleles are all genes, found in the same locust in a chromosome pair

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23
Q

Polymorphism

A

Difference in DNA sequence on a gene occurring in a population

Neumonic: animorphs- imagine dna sequence changing

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24
Q

current mollecular genetics focus on

A

Current molecular genetics focus on identifying differences between people in the sequence and structure of their genes

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25
Q

Transcription:

A

How DNA is turned to mRNA

Neumonic: transcript that says DNA going through a machine comes out mRNA

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26
Q

SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms)

A

differences between people in the sequences of genes

Neumonic: two people in shirts that say snp act and snp gct

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27
Q

where do SNPs occur

A

Differences in a single nucleotide (ATG or C) in the DNA sequence of a particular gene

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28
Q

CNVs (Copy Number Variations)

A

Identify differences between people in structure of genes; can be additions or deletions in DNA w/in genes

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29
Q

where can CNVs be present

A

Can be present in single gene or multiple genes

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30
Q

GWAs (Genome-wide association studies)

A
  • Key method to examine SNPs and CNVs
  • Isolate differences in sequence of genes between people who have psychological disorder and those who don’t
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31
Q

Knockout Studies

A

Removing specific genes in animals to observe effect on behavior

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32
Q

Chemical Bases of DNA

A

Pairs of A and T and G and C

Neumonic: in the dna lab- chemicals labeled a&t g&c

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33
Q

Gene–Environment interactions

A

One’s response to a specific environmental event is influenced by genes

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34
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function

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35
Q

how does epigenetics work

A

Chemical “marks” (ex DNA methyl tags or histones) that are attached to and protect the DNA in each gene, control gene expression. The environment can directly influence the work of these marks

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36
Q

Cross-fostering adoptee method

A

Rats born to mothers w/ low parenting skills raised by mothers with high parenting skills showed lower levels of stress reactivity
- Mothering responsible for turning on/up expression of particular gene

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37
Q

Reciprocal Gene–Environment Interaction

A
  • Not only does the environment influence genes but genes can influence the environment that will in turn influence the genes
  • Genes predispose individuals to seek out situations that increase the likelihood of developing a disorder
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38
Q

two challenges of the genetic paradigm

A
  1. Specifying exactly how genes and environments reciprocally influence one another
  2. The complexity that several genes will contribute to a specific disorder
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39
Q

two challenges of the genetic paradigm

A
  1. Specifying exactly how genes and environments reciprocally influence one another
  2. The complexity that several genes will contribute to a specific disorder
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40
Q

The Neuroscience Paradigm

A

Examines the contribution of brain structure and function to psychopathology

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41
Q

in the neuroscience paradigm, what are mental illnesses linked to?

A

abherrant processes in the brain

42
Q

three major components of the neuroscience paradigm

A

Three major components:
- Neurons and neurotransmitters
- Brain structure and function
- Neuroendocrine system

Neumonic- 3 pals holding hands, a neuron, a building that looks like a brain, and a stomach with a sign that says enzos

43
Q

Neurons

A

cells of the nervous system

44
Q

four major parts of neurons

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axons
  • Terminal buttons

Neumonic: body where cell body is, dendrites as roots going to dennys, axons as axel rose, terminal buttons as buttons with airport terminal

45
Q

Nerve impulse

A
  • Dendrites or cell body stimulated
  • Travels down axon to terminal
46
Q

Synapse

A

gap btwn neurons

47
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across synapse to another neuron

Neumonic: evil lab sending chemicals

48
Q

types of effects of a neurotransmitter being absorbed

A

Excitatory
- Stimulates action impulse

Inhibitory
- Prevents action impulse

Neumonic: think of neuron absorbing chemical then either getting excited to take action, or getting shy and inhibited and stops impulse

49
Q

Reuptake

A

Reabsorption of leftover neurotransmitter by presynaptic neuron

Neumonic: think of first neuron reobsorbing leftover chemicals from synaptic gap

50
Q

some neurotransmitters that effect psychopathology

A
  • serotonin and dopamine
    • (Implicated in depression, mania, and schizophrenia)
  • norepinephrine
    • (Implicated in anxiety and other stress-related
      disorders)
  • Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
    • (Inhibits nerve impulses, Implicated in anxiety)

Neumonic: chemicals in a lab, one has Prozac in it, one an epipen, then yo gaba gaba

51
Q

Possible mechanisms (for how neurotransmitters contribute to psychopathology)

A
  • Excessive or inadequate levels of neurotransmitters
    (Later research found this too simple)
  • Insufficient reuptake
  • Excessive number or sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors

(Second Messengers help neurons adjust receptor sensitivity after periods of high activity)

Neumonic: think of ssris- insuffecient reuptake, and on the other neuron, the post synaptic receptors- too many and some red cause they’re too sensitive and it tickles

52
Q

Agonist drugs

A

stimulate neurotransmitter receptor sites

Neumonic: antagonist bully kids friend poking at neurotransmitter receptor sites

53
Q

Antagonist drugs

A

Dampen neurotransmitter receptor site

Neumonic: Antagonist kid peeing on neurotransmitter receptor site

54
Q

parts of the brain to know

A
  • Two cerebral hemispheres
  • Connected by corpus callosum
  • grey matter
  • sulci (define lobes of the cerebrum)
  • white matter interior
55
Q

grey matter

A

neurons that form the thin outer covering of the brain (cerebral cortex/cerebrum)

56
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • Frontal (reasoning, problem solving, emotion regulation)
  • Parietal (sensory-spatial)
  • Occipital (vision)
  • Temporal (Sounds)

Neumonic: kid in front of class does reasoning and emotional regulation

Parental always knows where there kid is in the space

Occipital octopus has giant eyes

And temperature is Loudest

57
Q

what’s part of the white matter interior? (5)

A
  • Myelinated (sheathed) nerve fibers
  • Thalamus : containtsSensory relay station (except olfactory)
  • Brain stem: contains Pons and medulla oblongata
  • Cerebellum: Responsible for balance, posture, equilibrium
  • ventricles

Neumonic: violin nerve fibers, moose see no evil etc, brain stem flowers, antebellum band balancing on feet, tentacles

58
Q

Subcortical structures of the brain

A
  • limbic system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • the HPA axis of the Neuroendocrine system
  • immune system?

Neumonic: on a submarine tennis court- under a limbo stick- automatic nervous system tm, hippotomus on an axis, immune system

59
Q

what is in the limbic system

A
  • amygdala
  • anterior cingulate
  • hippocampus
  • hypothalamus

Neumonic: system of limbo sticks- has going under it: a mandala, a room singing “you late”, a hippo dressed for academia, a moose with a scarf for its hypothyroid

60
Q

amygdala

A

Key brain structure for psychopathology researchers due to role in attending to emotionally salient stimuli and in emotionally relevant memories

Neumonic: mandala crying with a memory thought bubble

61
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

Innervates endocrine glands, heart, and smooth muscles found in the walls of blood vessels, stomach, etc.

Figures prominently in many anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and ptsd

62
Q

what are the parts of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
    • Prepares body for fight or flight
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
    • Helps body calm down
63
Q

what is the HPA Axis of the Neuroendocrine system

A
  • involved in stress
  • HPA = hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex
64
Q

how does the HPA Axis work

A
  • Hypothalamus triggers release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF)
  • Pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Adrenal cortex triggers release of cortisol (stress hormone)

Takes 20-40 mins for cortisol to peak
Takes up to 1 hr for cortisol levels to return to baseline

65
Q

what effects the immune system

A

stress has effect on the immune system

66
Q

what is the body’s first line of defence (immune system)

A
  • Releases MACROPHAGES, NATURAL KILLER CELLS, and T-CELLS to destroy invaders
  • Causes INFLAMMATION or swelling
  • Stimulates release of proteins called CYTOKINES that initiate responses to infection such as fatigue, inflammation (pro-inflammatory cytokines), and activation of HPA axis

Neumonic- gangs- t-cells, natural born killer cells, macrophages

then behind them: inflammation

And behind inflammation- cyberwebkins and hpa axis

67
Q

what is the neuroscience approach to treatment

A
  • psychoactive drugs that alter neurotransmitter activity (e.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines(tranquilizers))
  • also may include nonbiological interventions that can influence brain functioning
68
Q

reductionism

A

(neuroscience paradigm)
- view that behavior can best be understood by reducing it to its basic biological components

  • in psychological disorders it means reducing complex mental and emotional responses to biology
69
Q

what is the problem with reductionism

A

(neuroscience paradigm)
- properties of brain networks can’t be deduced by looking at nerve cells alone

  • the evidenc linking neurotransmitters as causal factors in psychopathology is not strong
70
Q

The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm

A
  • combines cognitive theory and behavioral theroy
  • roots in learning principles and cognitive science
  • based in the idea that behavior is reinforced by consequences
71
Q

time-out

A
  • behavioral therapy technique based on operant conditioning
  • the consequence for bad behavior is being put in an environment that has no positive reinforcers
72
Q

behavioral activation (BA) therapy

A

type of operant conditioning

a therapy for depression that involves helping a person engage in tasks that provide an opportunity for positive reinforcement

73
Q

systematic desensitization

A

relaxation plus exposure (imaginal or in viro)
- important treatment for anxiety disorders

74
Q

what is behaviorism critisized for?

A

ignoring thoughts and emotion

75
Q

Cognition

A

A mental process that includes:
Perceiving recognizing, conceiving, judging, and reasoning

76
Q

Schema

A

(cognitive set)
- Organized network of previously accumulated knowledge

  • We actively interpret new information through schemas we have
77
Q

Role of attention in psychopathology

A

Anxious individuals more likely to focus attention on threat or danger

78
Q

Implicit memory

A

A person can be influenced by prior learning without being aware of it

79
Q

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

A

Attends to thoughts, perceptions, judgements, self-statements, and unconscious assumptions

80
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A
  • Change a pattern of thinking
  • Changes in thinking can change feelings, behaviors, and symptoms
81
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

A
  • Initially developed for depression
  • Based on idea that depression is caused by distorted thoughts

-Helps patient recognize and change maladaptive thought patterns

82
Q

information-processing bias

A

Attention, interpretation, and recall of negative and positive information biased in depression

83
Q

Extensions of behavior therapy and CBT

A
  • Dialectical behavior therapy
  • Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
  • Acceptance and commitment therapy
84
Q

critisms of CBT paradigm

A
  • focus is on current determinants of disorder, while childhood and other historical antecedents given less attention

-CBT posits thoughts as the cause of psychopathology, when the causal status is actually unclear

85
Q

three factors that cut across the paradigms

A
  • Emotional
  • Sociocultural
  • interpersonal
86
Q

emotion

A

short lived states

87
Q

components of emotion

A
  • Expressive (Facial expressions)
  • Experiential (How someone reports they’re feeling)
  • Physiological (Changes in the body)
88
Q

Sociocultural Factors

A

Gender, race, culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

certain factors may increase vulnerability to psychopathology

certain disorders specific to certain cultures

89
Q

Social neuroscience

A

Seeks to understand what happens in the brain during complex social situations

90
Q

Object relations theory

A

Longstanding patterns of relating to others
Particularly w/ family

Neumonic: quilt of objects and family

91
Q

types of interpersonal factors/theories (4)

A
  • objects relation theory
  • attachment theory
  • relational self
  • interpersonal therapy (ITP)

Neumonic:
-A quilt of objects
-Somebody grabbing onto someone else
-someone in different outfits based off whi they’re thinking about, relay race

  • a person inside another person
92
Q

attachment theory

A

Type and style of infant’s attachment to caregivers can influence later psychological functioning

93
Q

relational self

A

Individuals will describe themselves differently depending on which close relationships they’re told to think about

94
Q

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

A

Impact of current relationships on psychopathology

95
Q

four interpersonal issues in IPT (interpersonal therapy)

A
  • unresolved grief
  • role transitions
  • role disputes
  • social deficits

Neumonic:
- sad person
- person in costume yelling
- person in costume feeling bad for self
- person near others, away from group feeling bad for self

96
Q

Couples therapy

A
  • Therapist works w/ both partners to reduce relationship distress
  • Improving communication, trust, positive feelings
97
Q

family therapy

A
  • The problems of the family influence each member and the problems of each member influence the family
  • Used to address specific symptoms of a given family member, particularly for the treatment of childhood problems
98
Q

Diathesis-Stress Paradigm

A

An integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors

99
Q

Diathesis

A
  • Underlying predisposition
  • May be biological or psychological
    Increases one’s risk of developing disorder
100
Q

Stress

A

Environmental events
- May occur and any point after conception
- Triggering event

101
Q

Psychopathology is unlikely to result from…

A

Psychopathology unlikely to result from one single factor

Abnormal Psych (16 decks)

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