ch 2 Flashcards
The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm
Combines cognitive theory and behavioral theory
what does the cog. behavioral paradigm emphasize
Emphasizes
- schemas
- attention
- cognitive distortion about life experiences and their influence on behavior
Factors that cut across the Paradigms
- Emotion
- Sociocultural factors
- Interpersonal factors
Diathesis-Stress: An Integrative Paradigm
- An integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors
- Diathesis (underlying predisposition) + stress (environmental factors
the paradigms
- the genetic paradigm
- the neuroscience paradigm
- cognitive behavioral paradigm
- diathesis-stress paradigm
paradigm
Perspective or conceptual framework from w/in which a scientist operates
The Genetic Paradigm
Heredity plays role in most behavior
genes
Carriers of genetic information (DNA)
genes are impacted by
environmental influences
E.g. stress, relationships culture
what is the relationship btwn genes and environment
bidirectional (nature via nurture)
Gene expression:
Proteins influence whether the action of a specific gene will occur
Polygenic transmission:
Characteristics, behaviors etc, are expressed through multiple gene pairs rather than one pair
Neumonic- a group of Polly pockets that all make up one anxiety
Heritability
Extent to which variability in behavior is due to genetic factors - in populations not people
range = 0.00 to 1.00
types of environments
shared environment
nonshared environment
shared environment
Events and experiences that family members have in common
nonshared environment
Events and experiences unique to each family member
behavior genetics
Study of the degree to which genes and environmental factors influence behavior
Neumonic: behavior (sassy lady) and genetics ( genes) with a temperature thing asking this much?
Genotype
Genetic material inherited by an individual
Unobservable
Neumonic: bobs burgers gene is invisible just like his father
phenotype
- Expressed genetic material
- Observable behavior and characteristics
what do phenotypes depend on
- Depends on interaction of genotype and environment
Molecular Genetics
Identifies particular genes and their functions
Alleles
Different forms of the same gene
Found in same location (locus) of a chromosome pair
Neumonic: the Ls in alleles are all genes, found in the same locust in a chromosome pair
Polymorphism
Difference in DNA sequence on a gene occurring in a population
Neumonic: animorphs- imagine dna sequence changing
current mollecular genetics focus on
Current molecular genetics focus on identifying differences between people in the sequence and structure of their genes
Transcription:
How DNA is turned to mRNA
Neumonic: transcript that says DNA going through a machine comes out mRNA
SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms)
differences between people in the sequences of genes
Neumonic: two people in shirts that say snp act and snp gct
where do SNPs occur
Differences in a single nucleotide (ATG or C) in the DNA sequence of a particular gene
CNVs (Copy Number Variations)
Identify differences between people in structure of genes; can be additions or deletions in DNA w/in genes
where can CNVs be present
Can be present in single gene or multiple genes
GWAs (Genome-wide association studies)
- Key method to examine SNPs and CNVs
- Isolate differences in sequence of genes between people who have psychological disorder and those who don’t
Knockout Studies
Removing specific genes in animals to observe effect on behavior
Chemical Bases of DNA
Pairs of A and T and G and C
Neumonic: in the dna lab- chemicals labeled a&t g&c
Gene–Environment interactions
One’s response to a specific environmental event is influenced by genes
Epigenetics
Study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function
how does epigenetics work
Chemical “marks” (ex DNA methyl tags or histones) that are attached to and protect the DNA in each gene, control gene expression. The environment can directly influence the work of these marks
Cross-fostering adoptee method
Rats born to mothers w/ low parenting skills raised by mothers with high parenting skills showed lower levels of stress reactivity
- Mothering responsible for turning on/up expression of particular gene
Reciprocal Gene–Environment Interaction
- Not only does the environment influence genes but genes can influence the environment that will in turn influence the genes
- Genes predispose individuals to seek out situations that increase the likelihood of developing a disorder
two challenges of the genetic paradigm
- Specifying exactly how genes and environments reciprocally influence one another
- The complexity that several genes will contribute to a specific disorder
two challenges of the genetic paradigm
- Specifying exactly how genes and environments reciprocally influence one another
- The complexity that several genes will contribute to a specific disorder
The Neuroscience Paradigm
Examines the contribution of brain structure and function to psychopathology
in the neuroscience paradigm, what are mental illnesses linked to?
abherrant processes in the brain
three major components of the neuroscience paradigm
Three major components:
- Neurons and neurotransmitters
- Brain structure and function
- Neuroendocrine system
Neumonic- 3 pals holding hands, a neuron, a building that looks like a brain, and a stomach with a sign that says enzos
Neurons
cells of the nervous system
four major parts of neurons
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axons
- Terminal buttons
Neumonic: body where cell body is, dendrites as roots going to dennys, axons as axel rose, terminal buttons as buttons with airport terminal
Nerve impulse
- Dendrites or cell body stimulated
- Travels down axon to terminal
Synapse
gap btwn neurons
Neurotransmitter
Chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across synapse to another neuron
Neumonic: evil lab sending chemicals
types of effects of a neurotransmitter being absorbed
Excitatory
- Stimulates action impulse
Inhibitory
- Prevents action impulse
Neumonic: think of neuron absorbing chemical then either getting excited to take action, or getting shy and inhibited and stops impulse
Reuptake
Reabsorption of leftover neurotransmitter by presynaptic neuron
Neumonic: think of first neuron reobsorbing leftover chemicals from synaptic gap
some neurotransmitters that effect psychopathology
- serotonin and dopamine
- (Implicated in depression, mania, and schizophrenia)
- norepinephrine
- (Implicated in anxiety and other stress-related
disorders)
- (Implicated in anxiety and other stress-related
- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
- (Inhibits nerve impulses, Implicated in anxiety)
Neumonic: chemicals in a lab, one has Prozac in it, one an epipen, then yo gaba gaba
Possible mechanisms (for how neurotransmitters contribute to psychopathology)
- Excessive or inadequate levels of neurotransmitters
(Later research found this too simple) - Insufficient reuptake
- Excessive number or sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors
(Second Messengers help neurons adjust receptor sensitivity after periods of high activity)
Neumonic: think of ssris- insuffecient reuptake, and on the other neuron, the post synaptic receptors- too many and some red cause they’re too sensitive and it tickles
Agonist drugs
stimulate neurotransmitter receptor sites
Neumonic: antagonist bully kids friend poking at neurotransmitter receptor sites
Antagonist drugs
Dampen neurotransmitter receptor site
Neumonic: Antagonist kid peeing on neurotransmitter receptor site
parts of the brain to know
- Two cerebral hemispheres
- Connected by corpus callosum
- grey matter
- sulci (define lobes of the cerebrum)
- white matter interior
grey matter
neurons that form the thin outer covering of the brain (cerebral cortex/cerebrum)
lobes of the cerebrum
- Frontal (reasoning, problem solving, emotion regulation)
- Parietal (sensory-spatial)
- Occipital (vision)
- Temporal (Sounds)
Neumonic: kid in front of class does reasoning and emotional regulation
Parental always knows where there kid is in the space
Occipital octopus has giant eyes
And temperature is Loudest
what’s part of the white matter interior? (5)
- Myelinated (sheathed) nerve fibers
- Thalamus : containtsSensory relay station (except olfactory)
- Brain stem: contains Pons and medulla oblongata
- Cerebellum: Responsible for balance, posture, equilibrium
- ventricles
Neumonic: violin nerve fibers, moose see no evil etc, brain stem flowers, antebellum band balancing on feet, tentacles
Subcortical structures of the brain
- limbic system
- autonomic nervous system
- the HPA axis of the Neuroendocrine system
- immune system?
Neumonic: on a submarine tennis court- under a limbo stick- automatic nervous system tm, hippotomus on an axis, immune system
what is in the limbic system
- amygdala
- anterior cingulate
- hippocampus
- hypothalamus
Neumonic: system of limbo sticks- has going under it: a mandala, a room singing “you late”, a hippo dressed for academia, a moose with a scarf for its hypothyroid
amygdala
Key brain structure for psychopathology researchers due to role in attending to emotionally salient stimuli and in emotionally relevant memories
Neumonic: mandala crying with a memory thought bubble
what does the autonomic nervous system do
Innervates endocrine glands, heart, and smooth muscles found in the walls of blood vessels, stomach, etc.
Figures prominently in many anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and ptsd
what are the parts of the autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Prepares body for fight or flight
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Helps body calm down
what is the HPA Axis of the Neuroendocrine system
- involved in stress
- HPA = hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex
how does the HPA Axis work
- Hypothalamus triggers release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF)
- Pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Adrenal cortex triggers release of cortisol (stress hormone)
Takes 20-40 mins for cortisol to peak
Takes up to 1 hr for cortisol levels to return to baseline
what effects the immune system
stress has effect on the immune system
what is the body’s first line of defence (immune system)
- Releases MACROPHAGES, NATURAL KILLER CELLS, and T-CELLS to destroy invaders
- Causes INFLAMMATION or swelling
- Stimulates release of proteins called CYTOKINES that initiate responses to infection such as fatigue, inflammation (pro-inflammatory cytokines), and activation of HPA axis
Neumonic- gangs- t-cells, natural born killer cells, macrophages
then behind them: inflammation
And behind inflammation- cyberwebkins and hpa axis
what is the neuroscience approach to treatment
- psychoactive drugs that alter neurotransmitter activity (e.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines(tranquilizers))
- also may include nonbiological interventions that can influence brain functioning
reductionism
(neuroscience paradigm)
- view that behavior can best be understood by reducing it to its basic biological components
- in psychological disorders it means reducing complex mental and emotional responses to biology
what is the problem with reductionism
(neuroscience paradigm)
- properties of brain networks can’t be deduced by looking at nerve cells alone
- the evidenc linking neurotransmitters as causal factors in psychopathology is not strong
The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm
- combines cognitive theory and behavioral theroy
- roots in learning principles and cognitive science
- based in the idea that behavior is reinforced by consequences
time-out
- behavioral therapy technique based on operant conditioning
- the consequence for bad behavior is being put in an environment that has no positive reinforcers
behavioral activation (BA) therapy
type of operant conditioning
a therapy for depression that involves helping a person engage in tasks that provide an opportunity for positive reinforcement
systematic desensitization
relaxation plus exposure (imaginal or in viro)
- important treatment for anxiety disorders
what is behaviorism critisized for?
ignoring thoughts and emotion
Cognition
A mental process that includes:
Perceiving recognizing, conceiving, judging, and reasoning
Schema
(cognitive set)
- Organized network of previously accumulated knowledge
- We actively interpret new information through schemas we have
Role of attention in psychopathology
Anxious individuals more likely to focus attention on threat or danger
Implicit memory
A person can be influenced by prior learning without being aware of it
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Attends to thoughts, perceptions, judgements, self-statements, and unconscious assumptions
Cognitive Restructuring
- Change a pattern of thinking
- Changes in thinking can change feelings, behaviors, and symptoms
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
- Initially developed for depression
- Based on idea that depression is caused by distorted thoughts
-Helps patient recognize and change maladaptive thought patterns
information-processing bias
Attention, interpretation, and recall of negative and positive information biased in depression
Extensions of behavior therapy and CBT
- Dialectical behavior therapy
- Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
- Acceptance and commitment therapy
critisms of CBT paradigm
- focus is on current determinants of disorder, while childhood and other historical antecedents given less attention
-CBT posits thoughts as the cause of psychopathology, when the causal status is actually unclear
three factors that cut across the paradigms
- Emotional
- Sociocultural
- interpersonal
emotion
short lived states
components of emotion
- Expressive (Facial expressions)
- Experiential (How someone reports they’re feeling)
- Physiological (Changes in the body)
Sociocultural Factors
Gender, race, culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status
certain factors may increase vulnerability to psychopathology
certain disorders specific to certain cultures
Social neuroscience
Seeks to understand what happens in the brain during complex social situations
Object relations theory
Longstanding patterns of relating to others
Particularly w/ family
Neumonic: quilt of objects and family
types of interpersonal factors/theories (4)
- objects relation theory
- attachment theory
- relational self
- interpersonal therapy (ITP)
Neumonic:
-A quilt of objects
-Somebody grabbing onto someone else
-someone in different outfits based off whi they’re thinking about, relay race
- a person inside another person
attachment theory
Type and style of infant’s attachment to caregivers can influence later psychological functioning
relational self
Individuals will describe themselves differently depending on which close relationships they’re told to think about
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Impact of current relationships on psychopathology
four interpersonal issues in IPT (interpersonal therapy)
- unresolved grief
- role transitions
- role disputes
- social deficits
Neumonic:
- sad person
- person in costume yelling
- person in costume feeling bad for self
- person near others, away from group feeling bad for self
Couples therapy
- Therapist works w/ both partners to reduce relationship distress
- Improving communication, trust, positive feelings
family therapy
- The problems of the family influence each member and the problems of each member influence the family
- Used to address specific symptoms of a given family member, particularly for the treatment of childhood problems
Diathesis-Stress Paradigm
An integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors
Diathesis
- Underlying predisposition
- May be biological or psychological
Increases one’s risk of developing disorder
Stress
Environmental events
- May occur and any point after conception
- Triggering event
Psychopathology is unlikely to result from…
Psychopathology unlikely to result from one single factor
