ch 1 Flashcards
Psychopathology:
Psychopathology:
study of the nature, development and treatment of psychological disorders
Challenges to the study of psychopathology
- Maintain objectivity
- Avoid preconceived notions
- Reduce stigma
stigma
Stigma:
the destructive belief and attitudes held by a society towards groups considered to be different
Four characteristics of stigma:
- Distinguishing label applied
- Label refers to undesirable attributes
- People w/ label seen as different
- People with label discriminated against
Mental (psychological) Disorder:
and what it contains
Contains several characteristics, but not all disorders contain all the characteristics
contains:
- Personal distress
- Violation of Social Norms
- Disability and
- Dysfunction
Violation of Social Norms
violating widely held cultural standards, makes others uncomfortable/causes problems
disability
daily function is impaired (work, relationships)
Ex: chronic substance abuse results in job loss
Dysfunction:
something not working as it should- developmental, psychological and biological systems are impaired
DSM-5 Definition of psychological disorder
- disorder occurs within the individual
- Involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving
- involves dysfunction in the processes that support mental functioning
- not a culturally specific reaction to an event
- not primarily a result of a social deviance or conflict w/ society
Early Demonology
Possession by evil beings/spirits as explanation for disordered behavior
Exorcism to drive out evil spirits
hippocrates (5th c BC)
- Mental disturbances have natural causes (problems w/ brain)
- Three categories of mental disorders: mania, melancholia, phrenitis (brain fever)
- Brain functioning dependent of balance of 4 humors
dark ages (2nd c AD)
Monks cared and prayed for mentally ill
Witch hunts (13th century AD)
- Torture sometimes led to bizarre delusional sounding confessions
Historians believed many of the accused were mentally ill, little support for this conclusion
Asylums(15th century AD)
- Large establishments for confinement and care of mentally ill
- No treatment or harmful treatment
bloodletting
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) used bloodletting, believed mental illness caused by excess blood in the brain
Neumonic: guy with blood filled head being bloodlet saying come on I’m in a rush!
Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (founded in 1243)
- One of first mental institutions
- Wealthy paid to watch as entertainment
- Origin of term bedlam: wild uproar or confusion
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
Pioneered humanitarian treatment at LaBicetre
Was only for the wealthy though
moral treatment
Moral Treatment:
- Small privately funded humanitarian mental hospitals (no more than 250 people)
- Friends Asylum (1817)
- Patients engaged in purposeful calming activities, Talked with attendants
Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)
- Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill
- Urged improvement of institutions
- Worked to establish 32 new public hospitals
- Unfortunately small staffs
- Administered by physicians- biological rather than psychological aspects of mental illness- very primitive
mental hospitals 1960s/70s
concerns about the restrictiveness of mental hospitals along with idealistic hopes of community based treatments led to large amounts of deinstitutionalization
mental hospitals today
Treatments in public hospitals provide the bare minimum
Funded by federal gov’t or state
jails became the de facto mental hospital
forensic hospitals
Forensic hospitals: mental hospital for those arrested and deemed unable to stand trial/ acquitted due to insanity
Less likely to reoffend
General paresis and Syphilis
Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms (delusions of grandeur) and physical symptoms (progressive paralysis)
by mid 1800’s known that some patients had both syphilis and general paresis together
what did the pairing of general paresis and syphilis mean
biological cause of syphilis found: Microorganism that caused syphilis- caused damage to certain areas of the brain- caused general paresis
Since general paresis had biological cause, this meant other mental illnesses might also!!
- Biological causes of psychopathology gained credibility
nature vs nurture
Galton’s (1822-1911) work lead to the belief that mental illness can be inhereted
- coined term nature vs nurture
- unfortunately was proponent of eugenics
Neumonic: be a gals gal and don’t play around w eugenics
Insulin-coma therapy:
early biological treatment
developed in early 1930’s by Sakel
Large amounts of insulin to create daily comas
ECT Electroconvulsive therapy
Induce epileptic seizures with electric shock
Still used today for severe depression (refined and less problematic)
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Surgical procedure that destroys tracts connecting frontal lobes to other areas of the brain
Used to control violent behaviors; led to listlessness, apathy, loss of cognitive abilities
Mesmer (1734-1815)
Treated patients with hysteria (physical incapacities with seemingly no physical cause) using “animal magnetism”
Early practitioner of hypnosis
Charcot (1825-1893)
His support legitimizes hypnosis as treatment for hysteria
Neumonic- fainting in a big coat on fire
Breuer (1842-1925)
Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis in Anna O.
Neumonic: cat brewing beer being hypnotized
cathartic method
Cathartic Method: release of emotion tension triggered by reliving and talking about event
Freud (1856-1939)
- Jointly published “Studies in Hysteria” in 1959 with Breuer
Serves as the basis for Freud’s theory - Freudian or Psychoanalytic theory
- Human behavior determined by unconscious forces
- Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces
freuds structure of the mind
id:
- unconscious
- pleasure principle: immediate gratification
- libido= energy of id
Ego
- primarily conscious
- reality principle: attempts to satisfy id’s demands w/in reality’s constraints
Superego
- the conscience
- develops as we incorporate parental and society values
defense mechanisms (freud)
id ego and superego continually in conflict, conflict generates anxiety
strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety
Selected defense mechanisms:
Repression, denial, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, sublimation
goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy (Psychoanalysis
goals of psychoanalysis:
- Understand early childhood experiences, particularly key (parental) relationships
- Understand patterns in current relationships
psychoanalytic techniques
- Free association
- interpretation
- Analysis of Transference
free association (psychoanalysis)
patient encouraged to say whatever comes to mind uncensored
interpretation (psychoanalysis)
analyst points out meaning of a person’s behavior
Transference (psychoanalysis)
patient’s response to their analyst in ways they’ve responded to other important figures in their life
Jung (1987-1961)
- Analytical psychology
- Collective unconscious
- Archetypes
- Cataloged personality characteristics
- Extraversion vs introversion
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Individual psychology
Fulfillment derived from working for the social good
Neumonic: hitler, individual, work
Continuing influence of Freud
- Childhood experiences help shape adult personality
- There are unconscious influences on behavior
- The causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
father of behaviorism
Neumonic: Emma Watson saying look at my behavior acting wacky
Behaviorism
focuses on observable behavior rather than consciousness or mental functioning
- Emphasis on learning rather than thinking or innate tendencies
Neumonic: Emma Watson with a magnifying glass looking at a tiny school in a behive
three types of learning
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Modeling
Neumonic: school, three teachers- Mozart, a telephone operator, and a model
Classical Conditioning:
Pavlov (1849-1936)
unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) creates unconditioned response (salivation)
classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes a conditioned stimulus when associated enough with unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), creating a conditioned response to the bell
extinction is gradual removal of the unconditioned stimulus, eventually removing conditioned response
Operant Conditioning
relies on a behavior being performed, and there’s a consequence to the behavior (Operant= behavior)
Neumonic: operator explaining she performs a behavior (makes a call) and there is a consequence (someone answers)
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
Learning through consequences
Law of Effect: Behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated, behavior followed by unpleasant consequences discouraged
(neumonic: if you touch a thorn, it will hurt and you wont do it again)
B.F Skinner (1904-1990)
Principle of Reinforcement
- Positive reinforcement:
Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened - Negative reinforcement:
Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened
(neumonic: reinforced skin, covered in tape or plastic saying ooh this feels good, I think I’ll do this again!)
Modeling:
Learning by watching and imitating others behaviors
Can occur w/out reinforcement
Bandura and Menlove (1968)
- Used modeling to reduce children’s fear of dogs
Behavior Therapy (Behavior Modification)
Behavior modification is a type of behavior therapy. B. F. Skinner demonstrated that behavior could be shaped through reinforcement and/or punishment.
Systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe 1958
- Used to treat phobias and anxiety
- Combines deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to their fear
- Starts w/ minimal anxiety producing condition, gradually progresses
Intermittent Reinforcement
Rewarding a behavior sometimes more effective than rewarding every time and then removing reward
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
How we think or appraise a situation influences our feelings and behaviors
Cognitive Therapy
- Emphasize how people think about themselves and their experiences can be a major determinant of psychopathology
- Focus on understanding maladaptive thoughts
- Change cognitions to change feelings and behaviors
aaron beck’s cognitive therapy
Neumonic: inside a giant cog- brain hugging self, red maladaptive thoughts- take out and look at, turn them green
REBT (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis (1913-2007)
Identify irrational thoughts and change them
Neumonic- Ellis Island- do you have any rational/irrational thoughts? Change them.next
Psychologists
- Clinical or Counseling Psychologist
- Ph.D. or Psy.D.
- Trained both as a scientist (need to do independent research) and practitioner (1. learn to assess and diagnose psychopathology, and 2. Learn to practice psychotherapy
Psychiatrists
- M.D.s- can prescribe psychotropic medications
- Have a residency where they receive supervision in practice and diagnosis and pharmacotherapy (administering medicine)
Psychiatric Nurses and Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners
- Nurses that take advanced training psychiatric methods
- Nurse Practitioners can prescribe medication under supervision
social workers
- M.S.W.
- Not trained in psychological assessment more trained in therapeutic services
Master’s Level Therapists and Counselors
MFT
MHC
