Ch 19 - Peripheral Endocrine (Exam 4)

Question 1

Thyroid gland

Answer 1

Follicular cells arranged in follicles w centrail colloid

Question 2

Thyroglobulin

Answer 2

Main constituent of colloid, contain thyroid hormones in various stages of synthesis

Question 3

Follicle cells

Answer 3

Thyroxine (T4), Tri-iodothyronine (T3); derived from tyrosine; regulate basal metabolic rate

Question 4

C cells

Answer 4

Interspersed between follicles; secrete calcitonin; Role in Ca2+ metabolism

Question 5

Thyroid hormone release

Answer 5

Follicular cells bite off piece of colloid, break down thyroglobulin, spit out free T4 and T3 into circulation; lipophilic-T4 and T3 bind w globulin in plasma; Only free biologically active; 90% T4; T3 10x more potent; most T4 coverted to T3 by stripping iodine in liver and kidney; T3 major biologically active form

Question 6

Thyroid gland function

Answer 6

Metabolic rate; heat production; metabolic fuel metabolism-synthesis and degradation of CHO, fat, protein; sympathomimetic effect (boosts SNS-E and NE); CV-inc HR, inc CO; development of CNS

Question 7

Hypothyroidism

Answer 7

Failure of gland (primary); Deficiency of TRH and/or TSH (secondary); Inadequate iodine in diet

Question 8

Hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 8

Dec metabolic rate, cold intolerance, weight gain, slow and weak pulse, slowed reflexes and mental abilities; Myxedema-edematous skin due to infiltration of complex CHO, Cretinism-from birth-dwarf and MR

Question 9

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 9

Most common-Grave’s disease; Autoimmune-TSI antibody targets TSH receptors but no negative feedback

Question 10

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

Answer 10

Elevated BM; excessive perspiration; intolerant of heat; weight loss; weakness (protein loss); CV-inc HR and inc force CTX-palpitations; CNS-irritable, tense, anxious, emotional

Question 11

Goiter

Answer 11

Enlarged thyroid gland; TSH or TSI overstimulate gland; Hypo- or hyper-

Question 12

Adrenal glands

Answer 12

Two glands above each kidney, two glands w/in each adrenal

Question 13

Adrenal cortex

Answer 13

Outer-steroid hormones; Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasiculata, Zona reticularis; Adrenocortical hormones-steroids derived from cholesterol (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones)

Question 14

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 14

Zona glomerulosa; aldosterone stimulated by activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, rise in K+ concn in blood; influence mineral (electrolyte)-Na+ and K+ balance; Distal and collecting tubules in kidneys, inc Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion; Inc Na+ reabsorption-inc retention of H2O-inc ECF vol (long term regulation of BP)

Question 15

Glucocorticoids

Answer 15

Zona fasciculata and reticularis; cortisol; glucose, protein, fat metabolism; permissive actions of other hormones; stress adaptation; diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion; metabolism; inc gluc at expense of fat and protein stores

Question 16

Sex hormones

Answer 16

Zona fasciculata and reticularis; dehydroepiandrosterone-androgen or sex hormone

Question 17

Adrenal medulla

Answer 17

Modified part of SNS; release E and NE; fight or flight

Question 18

Metabolism

Answer 18

chemical rxns that occur w/in cells of body; Degradation, synthesis, transformation of carbs, proteins, fat

Question 19

Anabolism

Answer 19

Build up or synthesis of larger organic macromolecules from small organic subunits-need nrg from ATP

Question 20

Catabolism

Answer 20

Breakdown or degradation of large, energy-rich molecules; hyrolysis, oxidation

Question 21

Fuel metabolism

Answer 21

Food intake intermittent-need to store nutrients between meals (brain always needs constant supply of gluc); Absorptive-right after meal, gluc plentiful-storage; Post-absorptive-nrg stores mobilized to provide nrg

Question 22

Pancreas

Answer 22

Exocrine-digestion; Endocrine-helps shift from metabolic gears, insulin, glucagon; Islets of Langerhans; Beta cells-insulin, alpha cells-glucagon, delta-somatostatin, F cells-pancreatic polypeptide; Opposes insulin actions; Liver major site of action

Question 23

Insulin

Answer 23

Lowers blood gluc, fatty acid and amino acid levels; Promotes storage; promotes cellular uptake and conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, protein; Non-working skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue; inc gluc use, inc CHO and fat storage, inc protein synthesis

Question 24

How Insulin Lowers Glucose

Answer 24

Facilitates transport of gluc into most cells; stimulates glycogenesis (skeletal muscle and liver); inhibits glycogenolysis; inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis

Question 25

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 25

Most common endocrine disorder; inadequate insulin action; hyperglycemia; Type I-IDDM-lack of insulin secretion; Type II-NIDDM-normal or inc insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity to target cells to insulin

Question 26

Long Term Complications of DM

Answer 26

Shorter life expectancy; CV-#1 cause of premature death in diabetics (atherosclerosis, strokes, vascular lesions of eyes/kidneys, amputations, neuropathies)

Question 27

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 27

Inc Ca2+/dec PO43-; stones, groans (ab pain), bones, psych overtones

Question 28

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 28

Used to be inadvertant removal of pth glands w thyroid surgery; dec Ca2+/inc PO43-; muscle cramps, tingling, mental

Question 29

Vitamin D Deficiency

Answer 29

Impaired Ca2+ intestinal absorption; PTH maintains Ca2+ concn at expense of bones; bones not properly mineralized; soft, deformed, bowing; Rickets-children, Osteomalacia-adults