Ch 18 - Central Endocrine (Exam 4)

Question 1

Endocrinology

Answer 1

Ductless glands; secrete hormones; distant target cells; specific receptors; directs/regulates particular function; regulatory

Question 2

Hydrophilic Hormones

Answer 2

Peptide hormones-amino acids; Catecholamines-tyrosine; Indolamines-tryptophan; dissolved in plasma

Question 3

Lipophilic Hormones

Answer 3

Steroid-cholesterol; Thyroid-iodinated tyrosine; bound to plasma proteins

Question 4

Peptide Hormones

Answer 4

Produced and processed by ER and Golgi complex; Stored in secretory vesicles; Released by exocytosis; Bind to surface receptors on target cells; Alter activity (function) of pre-existing proteins (enzymes)

Question 5

Steroid Hormones

Answer 5

Modifications of cholesterol; Activate genes to form new proteins

Question 6

Endocrine System Function

Answer 6

Regulate organic metabolism and H2O and electrolyte balance; Adaptive changes to help cope w stress; Promote growth and development; Control reproduction; Regulate RBC production; Regulate CV and digestive system w ANS

Question 7

Tropic Hormones

Answer 7

Some hormones regulate production and secretion of another hormone (TSH)

Question 8

Regulation of Hormones

Answer 8

Plasma concn adjusted by rate of secretion; Negative-feedback system, Neuroendocrine reflexes, Diurnal rhythm

Question 9

Neuroendocrine Reflexes

Answer 9

Neural and hormonal components; Sudden inc in hormone secretion in response to specific stimulus

Question 10

Diurnal (Circadian) Rhythm

Answer 10

Secretion of many hormones fluctuates as function of time; Repetitive oscillations in hormone levels-very regular-and cycle Q 24 hrs

Question 11

Endocrine Disorders

Answer 11

Hyposecretion, hypersecretion, in removal of hormone from blood, abnl tissue responsiveness to hormone

Question 12

Primary Hyposecretion

Answer 12

Endocrine gland secreting too little hormone due to an abnormality in gland

Question 13

Secondary Hyposecretion

Answer 13

Endocrine gland normal but secreting too little due to problem w tropic hormone

Question 14

Hyposecretion Causes

Answer 14

Genetic, dietary, chemical/toxic, immunologic, other disease, iatrogenic (physician-induced), idiopathic

Question 15

Hypersecretion

Answer 15

Primary-defect in gland; Secondary-excessive stimulation from outside gland; tumors, immunologic

Question 16

Abnormal Tissue Responsiveness to Hormone

Answer 16

Testicular feminization syndrome, down regulation, permissiveness, synergism, antagonism

Question 17

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Answer 17

Pituitary (hypophysis)-small endocrine gland at base of brain; Posterior lobe-neural tissue; anterior lobe-glandular tissue; location is all lobes have in common; release of hormones controlled by hypothalamus

Question 18

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 18

Hypothalamus-supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei; No production-storage only; Vasopressin, Oxytocin

Question 19

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 19

Most tropic (not PRL); GH, TSH, ACTH-cortisol, FSH-gametes, LH-sex hormones, PRL-milk

Question 20

Negative-feedback

Answer 20

Endocrine gland secretion of hormone suppresses secretion of tropic hormones driving it

Question 21

Growth Hormone

Answer 21

Important in growth; continues in adults; Metabolic effects-binds to adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver-inc fatty acid and glucose (mobilize fat to conserve glucose for brain); Enhances immune; Does not act directly (inc cell division, inc protein synthesis, bone growth); Insuline-like growth factors act on target cell-growth of soft tissue and bone

Question 22

Abnormalities of GH

Answer 22

GH deficiency-pituitary and hypothalamus, Dwarfism in kids, Adults-dec muscle protein, dec bone density, inc heart disease risk; GH hypersecretion-usually caused by tumor in anterior pituitary, Childhood-gigantism, Adult-acromegaly

Question 23

Pineal Gland

Answer 23

Secretes melatonin; helps keep body’s inherent circadian rhythm in sync w light-dark cycle