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HOT > Ch. 19 Fire-Related Emergencies: Incinerators, Oil Burners & Gas Leaks > Flashcards

Ch. 19 Fire-Related Emergencies: Incinerators, Oil Burners & Gas Leaks Flashcards

1
Q

Natural gas is primarily:

A

Methane (more than 90%)

  • Ethane, up to 5%
  • CO and Nitrogen
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2
Q

The presence of _____ in natural gas can sometimes be used by FIRE DEPARTMENTS and UTILITY companies to pinpoint the source of persistent “gas odors” that have no apparent source.

A

Ethane

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3
Q

Everyone has “smelled gas”. Odorant added at a precise rate, so as little as 1% of gas can be detected. The odorant is generally _____, compounded with sulfides.

A

Mercaptan

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4
Q

As little as _______ of odorant can treat up to _________.

A

1/4 lb.

1 million cu. ft. of natural gas

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5
Q

Vapor density of natural gas

A

.60

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6
Q

Large percentage of total number of FD responses involve incidents in which no fire is present OR fire is within its normal container, may be termed:

A

Emergency Responses

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7
Q

Pipeline leak: FD operations should be:

A
  • EVACUATING endangered area.
  • PROTECTING exposed bldgs and EXAMINING for gas seeping into them.
  • NO attempts at closing any valves
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8
Q

2 kinds of regulators (natural gas)

A

Newer-spring loaded,
steady rate,
1/4 psi diaphragm.
Older-“dead weight”,
column of mercury maintain pressure on diaphragm,
being phased out.
Regulator holds pressure between 2 and 4 psi

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9
Q

Regulators inside a building have the vent line piped out through the wall to a:

A

Peck vent OR fisher vent

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10
Q

Steps for gas regulator failure:

A

Notify utility
Shutoff gas
Search for gas, fire and victims
Vent area

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11
Q

Flammable range of natural gas

A

4 - 14%

5-15% in hazmat

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12
Q

Markings on radio for intrinsically safe:

A

Class 1, Division 1 or 2 atmospheres

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13
Q

Natural Gas-Curb valves control the gas service into building. As a guide:

A

Inside services, high pressure-Yes

Outside meters, low pressure-No (O’s)

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14
Q

Deciding WHEN to vent:

A

How large a leak
Source of ignition/can you control them
Status of gas/air mixture

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15
Q

(Natural gas) Of all decisions to be made, _______ has the most variables.

A

WHERE to stop the leak-inside or outside

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16
Q

Gas emergencies usually involve ______ engine company(s)

A

At least 1.
enough personnel to stretch hoseline.
long enough to cover ENTIRE building.
Apparatus for most shielding.

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17
Q

Gas leaks usually take _________.

A

Path of least resistance-underground along gas pipe or other underground lines, gas deodorized as it travels, soil filters out odor.

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18
Q

Nose can detect _____ of gas in air

A

1%. desensitized after short time. combustible gas meter (explosimeter), 2 meters preferable.

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19
Q

Do’s and Don’t’s of outside leak

A

DO
-stop leak in low-press. STEEL lines (to save a life!!).
-have dry-chem and water ready if someone enters trench.
DON’T
-touch valves in street.
-EVER attempt to stop leak in plastic pipe.

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20
Q

Vapor density for propane and butane

A

Butane - 2.01

Propane - 1.52

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21
Q

Barbecue: Leak of LPG (liquid petroleum gas) near the neck AND accompanying fire

A
  • small fire, if on low-pressure side.
  • extinguish by turning off valve OR garden hose.
  • isn’t done because = lack of knowledge or fear of injury
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22
Q

To avoid casualties involving LPG (BLEVE), FF’s need:

A
  • working knowledge of LPG properties
  • cylinders in which it was shipped
  • tactics for dealing with scenarios
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23
Q

LPG or propane leaking finds source of ignition after having the opportunity to spread out farther and mix with more air

A

Vapor-air explosion (or fuel-air explosion)

-MORE devastating than leak that ignites immediately or BLEVE

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24
Q

Propane characteristics:

A

Flammable range = 2.1 - 9.5%
VD = 1.52
Boiling point = -44F

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25
Q

Propane pressure at 70 and 100 degrees

A 
70F = 100 psi
100F = 190 psi
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26
Q

BLEVE isn’t caused by _____ but by ______.

A

Rise in pressure
Loss of strength due to heat
-steel at 1500F loses HALF its strength

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27
Q

How many handlines and stream pattern for LPG cylinder.

A

Three or four 1 1/2 in. or 1 3/4 in. handlines (within exposed bldg, outside protect structure, cylinder fire)
Initially, straight or narrow fog
-as distance DECREASES, fog gets WIDER so as not to knock over cylinder
open spaces-extinguish, built-up areas-Isn’t recommended

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28
Q

Heating systems account for _____% of all fires

A

21

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29
Q

Modern oil burner consists of:

A
  • oil gun

- firebox

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30
Q

Gas leaks are ________ and ________.

A

Among the most common

POTENTIALLY the most deadly

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30
Q

Components of an oil burner are divided into the following ______ systems:

A

Two

Oil handling and controls

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32
Q

Most common oil burner is:

A

High-pressure gun type

33
Q

Pressures from oil pump in the gun

A
  • 100 psi - homes

- 300 psi - large installations

34
Q

Oil burner: 2 sources of ignition

A

Gas pilot light OR

2 high voltage electrodes (5,000 or more volts)

35
Q

In control system, limit control and limit switches are?

A

Limit control - thermostat (most common)

Limit switches - pressuretrol (steam)(min and max setting) and aquastat (steam and hot water)

36
Q

______ (extremely important to the fire dept) is the preferred means of interrupting the operation of the burner.

A

Remote control OR emergency switch

37
Q

Stack switch is a _______ switch designed to sense heat in smoke pipe.
It’s main purpose is to ____
On newer burners, stack switch may be ______

A

Bimetallic.
Act as safeguard, keeping oil/air from building up w/no fire present.
Infrared sensor at burner head

38
Q

2 possible oil burner problems

A 
Smoking burner
-turn off emergency switch
-turn off oil tank valve
-Inform owner/written notice
Delayed ignition OR kickback
-ignition doesn't occur, oil vapor cloud ignites at once
-loud thud, similar to explosion
-knock smoke pipe loose OR blow open burner
39
Q

For kickbacks or “explosion in the cellar”, and oil burning OUTSIDE the burner:

A 
Handline OR
Extinguisher
-AFFF
-dry chem
-CO2
40
Q

Oil burning INSIDE the firebox after kickback (normal):

A

Let it burn itself out

41
Q

White Ghost is:

A

LEAST common problem but MOST dangerous
Cloud of vaporized oil and air heated above flash point AND out of its container
Common during severe cold spells

42
Q

The culprit in roach bombs causing explosions:

A

Pilot light on stove

43
Q

Roach bombs and ______ are “real recipe for disaster”

A

Sulfur candles

44
Q

Heavy rolling clouds violently twisting skyward indicate:

A

Extremely hot smoke

-“black fire”

45
Q

Compactors resemble incinerators, with hopper doors on each floor. Compactors differ from incinerators because:

A

They aren’t designed to hold fire at any time.

46
Q

Smoke coming from a compactor indicates:

A

Immediate action is needed.

-stretch hose to first floor ABOVE the fire

47
Q

Compactors rooms pose the following hazards (5)

A 
High-voltage equipment
High-pressure hydraulic hoses
Moving rams that can shear off AN ARM if caught in compactor
Falling debris
Exploding bottle and cans
48
Q

The _____ of a compactor fire can be the difference between a routine fire and a rapidly spreading multiple alarm.

A

Quick identification

49
Q

Battery powered CO detectors

A

Won’t reset quickly
Like human body, absorbs and holds on to CO for a long time
Gel sensor, 24-48 hrs to reset
Sometimes high-dose accumulation won’t reset and must be replaced
Life span 5-7
120v reset quickly

50
Q

CO alarm levels

A

Low - 15 ppm over 8 hr day or 30 day time frame
(8 or 30 Depending on when detectors are made)
High - 100 ppm in 90 min or 400 ppm in 15 min

51
Q

Compressed propane shrinks to ________ of its original volume as a gas

A

1/270th

52
Q

Emergency responses-Working knowledge of how to handle these emergencies is _________.

A

Vital to efficient performance of duty

53
Q

Natural gas emergencies divided into three basic categories:

A 
Inside leaks (greatest danger).
Outside leaks (next most dangerous).
Leaks resulting from fires
54
Q

Pipeline pressure

A

350-850 psi

55
Q

City gate stations pressure

A

60-150 psi

56
Q

Potential for mass disaster (failure of )
Underground vaults
Pressure reduced further

A

District regulator stations

FD can’t do anything DIRECTLY to solve problem, only notify utility

57
Q

Low pressure systems
Operating at 1/4 psi
Gas mains are all at 1/4 lb of pressure

A

Older system

58
Q

Street main at 2.5-60 psi
Gas line going into premises from street has own regulator
Reduces to 1/4 psi

A

Newer system

59
Q

First priority of report of gas leak should be to:

A

Notify the utility

60
Q

How strong is the smell?

A

Strong-potentially serious, leave premises (expect the worse)
Not so obvious-intensity and evac decided by officer in command

61
Q

Combustible gas detector

A

Indicates concentration of gas, expressed as percentage of LOWER explosive limit (LEL)

62
Q

For faint odors, always check __________. Try to isolate as close to source with __________ and if that isn’t possible, next point of control is _________.

A

Pilot light

Quarter-turn appliance valve
Meyer wing cock

63
Q

At multiple tenant occupancies, master valve called a _________ stops the flow to ALL the tenants.

A

Service entrance cock

64
Q

Natural gas-Where to vent?

A 
Simple-vent upper areas.
Opening windows-generally sufficient.
PPV-more effective means
*NO smoke ejectors*
Search and vent = 👍🏻
65
Q

Some utilities mix in _____________ to make up difference between supply and demand, called __________.

A

Liquified petroleum gas

Peak shaving

66
Q

______ is a mixture of several of the hydrocarbon gases, mostly propane, but with quantities of butane and possibly ethane.

A

LPG

67
Q

A ________ is a particular threat to firefighters, since it often occurs after the arrival of the fire department, unlike most fuel-air explosions.

A

BLEVE

68
Q

Pressure relief valve on a LPG cylinder keeps pressure inside at around _________.

A

250 psi

69
Q

LPG cylinder evacuation distance for BLEVE:

A

150 ft in all directions

70
Q

Lowest floor with smoke will usually have fire on it. FF should make a point of checking ____________.

A

At least one floor below this level

71
Q

Heavy smoke throughout building with no visible fire indicates ________. Even more apparent if smoke is issuing from ________.

A

Cellar fire

Chimney

72
Q

Fire in an early state. _____ is the only clue there is a problem.

A

Odor

73
Q

Smoke/odor of fire
This minimizes damage and generally doesn’t affect the security of the apartment. If forcible entry is required, arrange with ____, ____, or _______ for security of apartment.

A

Fire escape as another view of the structure and it permits forcible entry.

Police, responsible tenant, or building maintenance

74
Q

Trash compactor chute and incinerator shafts are __________________. A fire in ________ isn’t necessarily an emergency.

A

Abnormal, life-threatening conditions

An incinerator

75
Q

Incinerators/compactors
If smoke comes out when the door is opened, you are ______ the blockage. (Blockage not on fire, incinerator/compactor is)

A

Below

76
Q

Carbon Monoxide
Flu-like symptoms?
Reporting symptoms?
There is no alternative to ____________.

A

EMS dispatched.
Building evacuated until checked.
Testing with meters.

77
Q

CO Alarm values (battery):

CO acceptable levels:

A

Low-15 ppm, over 8 HR day or 30 day time frame
High-100 ppm for 90 min, 400 ppm for 15 min

9 ppm for residences, 35 ppm for commercial where no one sleeps

78
Q

CO-If you find defective or leaking appliance, __________________.

A

Shut it down and continue to monitor

After reading complete, you should begin to vent

79
Q

Extinguishing wood-burning stoves (5)

A

Shut off air intake
Chimney fire extinguisher
ABC type dry-chem (excessive mess in occupied area)
Plastic bags of dry-chem into top of chimney
Low-volume, water mist nozzle (avoid streams from hose nozzles-crack the flue)

HOT (22 decks)

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