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Rad tech subjects > ch 19 20 21. physics. 2 semester > Flashcards

ch 19 20 21. physics. 2 semester Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five characteristics of the base in film?

A

flexible, tough, stable , rigid and Lucent

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2
Q

film is often coated with a substance to prevent light from one screen crossing over to the other which causes blurring. what is this effect called?

A

crossover effect

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3
Q

what can a manufacturer do to decreased the crossover effect?

A

use ultraviolet emission from an intensifying screen

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4
Q

The effect caused by light being reflected from the air interface on the back of the base material is called?

A

halation

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5
Q

what can be done to prevent halation?

A

anti-halation coating may be applied to the back of single emulsion film to absorb light and prevent backscatter, visible light or reflected light from degrading the image

note that this coating is removed by the processing chemicals to permit light to be transmitted through the film for viewing

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6
Q

what are the four stages of construction of diagnostic radiographic film?

A

base
adhesive
emulsion with crystals
supercoat

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7
Q

base

A

modern day made from polyester

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8
Q

adhesive:

A

thin coat is applied to the basement material before it’s coated with emulsion to glue the emulsion to the base

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the adhesive?

A

glue the emulsion to the base, prevents bubbles and distortion when film is bent during processing handling , when wet ,and heated during development

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10
Q

emulsion:

A

A gelatin which photosensitive silver halide crystals are suspended

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the gelatin emulsion?

A

it must be clear. Gelatin acts as a neutral lucent suspension medium for silver halide crystals that must be separated from one another to allow processing chemicals to reach them

it distributes crystals evenly over the film and prevents clumping of silver halide so that certain areas of the film are not more photosensitive than another

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12
Q

what are the three types of silver halide used in radiographic film

A

Silver bromide 95-98%
silver Iodide
silver chloride

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13
Q

supercoat:

A

A layer of hard Protective gelatin that prevents the soft emulsion underneath from being physically or chemically abused from scratches, abrasions from stacking, and skin oils. it is also anti static and very strong

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14
Q

define photosensitive:

A

materials capable of responding to exposure by photons

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15
Q

important facts to know about crystal production:

A

Silver bromide crystals are produced in total darkness

Silver nitrate and potassium bromide are combined in the presence of gelatin

Silver bromide will precipitate out and the potassium nitrate can be washed away as a waste product

The gelatin must be present as a medium to permit the crystals to form. It limits oxidation and reduces Crystal surface energy tension and facilitates chemical reactions

each Crystal is a matrix of silver, bromine, and iodine Atoms found by strong ionic bonds

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16
Q

what is the most important key to the formation of the latent image

A

The crystal structure allows free silver and electrons to drift through the lattice

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17
Q

The silver halide crystals must have an impurity added: what is it and why ?

A

Gold silver sulfide ….forms sensitivity specs which provide film sensitivity. During latent image formation the specs serve as electrodes
to attract the free silver Ions

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18
Q

what is the ripening period?

A

during this period the Silver halides are allowed to grow. The size of the crystals determines their total photosensitivity. The longer the ripening. The larger the crystals and the more sensitive they are

at the proper time the emulsion is cooled shredded and washed to remove potassium nitrate

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19
Q

mixing:

A

occurs after ripening

The shredded emulsion is melted to sensitize the crystals and additives such as colored dyes , hardeners, anti fogging agents and Bactericides and fungicides are mixed into the emulsion

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20
Q

pandromatic

A

sensitive to all colors

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21
Q

orthochromatic

A

not sensitive to red

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22
Q

coating:

A

requires extremely precise and expensive coating equipment

A three-step process

  1. adhesive layer is applied to base
  2. emulsion
  3. supercoat
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23
Q

all manufacturing, packaging transport , exposure and processing is done in ______ ________

A

total darkness

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24
Q

latent image formation

A

formed by the light photons and X Ray photons which come from the intensifying screens that are in contact with the film

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25
Q

define latent image

A

The unseen change in the atomic structure of the crystal lattice which causes the production of a visible image due to sensitivity specs

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26
Q

describe the process of latent image

A

incident photons either light or x-ray interact with one of the halides either bromine or iodine. The ejected electron is free to wander and may be trapped by a sensitivity spec causing a negative charge. the negative charged spec attracts a free silver ion. The silver ion neutralizes the spec and resets the trap

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27
Q

describe the ionic stage of latent image formation

A

This stage is repeated several times till a clump of silver rests on the spec. At least three silver Atoms are needed to see a visible black metallic silver to be formed by chemical development. More silver equals more black. less silver equals white

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28
Q

what are the two main types of film

A

Direct exposure/non screen film and intensifying screen film

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29
Q

some important facts about direct exposure/nonscreen film

A

it is used on exams that require fine detail

it increases dose to patient

used in mammography

Single emulsion

find grain silver halide crystals

high silver content

requires a thick emulsion layer 2 to 3 times thicker than medical screen film

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30
Q

important facts about intensifying screen film

A

it is available in many speeds, contrast ranges, latitudes and resolutions

The contrast, latitude and resolution in this film is linked to speed. note that large crystals and thick emulsion cause low contrast, wide latitude, and decreased resolution

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31
Q

screens are faster via:

A

double emulsion

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32
Q

how do you achieve a lower silver content

A

More efficient distribution of silver

33
Q

what is the primary purpose of radiographic processing?

A

to deposit enough black metallic silver at the latent image sites in film to allow the formation of a permanent visible image

34
Q

what is the most sensitive and variable factor when producing a radiograph?

A

processing

35
Q

what are the four primary steps to processing a radiograph?

A

developing
fixing
washing
drying

washing and drying are the two archiving steps

36
Q

what is the first step in the wet processing of the film

A

developing

37
Q

Silver is deposited at the latent image sites and an image becomes visible in this step:

A

developing

38
Q

The depositing of ________ amplifies the density of the image

A

silver

39
Q

True or false?

Silver ions of the latent image are stabilized and More silver is added causing a visible clump

A

true

40
Q

what are the two primary agents of developer?

A

phenidone and hydroquinone

41
Q

what are the five automatic developer solutions?

A

activator, restrainer, preservative, hardener, solvent

42
Q

what three things control the action of the developer?

A

immersion time, solution temperature, chemical activity

43
Q

what is the purpose of activator?

A

it keeps the solution alkaline. Between 10.0 and 10.5 pH

44
Q

what is a another action of activator?

A

to assist reducers in reaching the silver halide’s by causing gelatin to swell and become permeable

45
Q

what does the restrainer do and what is its name

A

potassium bromide

it is added to the developer to stop reduction action to the crystals

46
Q

what is the preservative?

A

sodium sulfite

decreases the oxidation of reducing agents when combined with air. After mixing the developer with this is only good for a few weeks

47
Q

what is the purpose and the name of hardener?

A

Glutaraldehyde

it controls swelling of the gelatin to prevent scratches and abrasions to the emulsion during processing. This hardener maintains uniform thickness. Too much causes hardening too soon, too little and the film leaves the processor moist and soft

48
Q

what is the purpose of the solvent?

A

suspends chemicals it is usually water and should be filtered to remove impurities

49
Q

if the film is developed in a tank that was contaminated with 0.1% of fixer or more what would it look like

A

it would appear gray having decreased contrast. Because of this one cleaning the tanks the fixer should be filled first

50
Q

if a film does not go through the fixings stage what happens?

A

there will be a slow blackening of the film and the image will become obscured

51
Q

what chemical process must be done in order for the image to be fixed for viewing

A

underdeveloped silver halides must be removed from the emulsion

this is done by using a clearing agent that binds with the unexposed silver halides and removes them from the emulsion. the clearing agent is a fixer agent

52
Q

what is the name of the clearing or fixing agent

A

ammonium Thiosulfate

this clearing agent uses silver in the emulsion to form ammoniumthiosilver sulfate. It takes 5 to 10 seconds. If not cleared the film will have a milky appearance

53
Q

what is the name and purpose of the activator?

A

acetic acid.

maintains the acidic pH of 4.02 4.5 to enhance the functioning of the clearing agent. It serves as a stop bath because it’s acidic. It stops reduction of silver halide

54
Q

what is the name and function of the preservative

A

sodium sulfite

dissolves silver from the ammoniumthiosilver sulfate and allows it to continue to remove silver from the emulsion

55
Q

what is the name and purpose of the hardener

A

aluminum chloride, chromium aluminum, potassium aluminum. These prevent scratches and abrasions to the emulsion

56
Q

what will happen to a film if it does not have enough time washing or if there is not enough agitation

A

Silver stains or a yellowing of the emulsion after a few years will occur

57
Q

what is the purpose of drying a developed film

A

drying seals the supercoat

58
Q

what is the appropriate storage temperature and humidity for films

A

68degrees F at 30-60% humidity

59
Q

if a film exits the processor and it is damp what is usually the cause?

A

depletion or lack of hardener in the fixer or a contaminated wash tank

60
Q

when starting a fresh tank of developer what is the special starter solution must be added to the replenisher

A

acetic acid and potassium bromide

if this is not added the images are dark and the sensitometry is not correct

61
Q

what occurs if the hardener is added to a fixer to quickly

A

it precipitates sulfur and aluminum causing an insufficient hardener

62
Q

what is the purpose of agitation

A

it ensures that the chemicals enter and exit the emulsion

63
Q

what are the 4 film characteristics that we can measure on a sensitometric curve?

A

resolution, speed, contrast, latitude

64
Q

The measurement of the characteristic responses of film to exposure. It is used to evaluate film, exposure systems and processing equipment

A

sensitometry

65
Q

what type of relationship exists between the resolution and Crystal size?

A

inverse

66
Q

define speed

A

The amount of density a film produces per exposure

67
Q

define resolution

A

the ability to accurately image an object. faster film speeds produce lower resolution

68
Q

define contrast

A

The difference between adjacent densities

69
Q

what relationship exists between contrast and latitude

A

inverse

70
Q

what instrument is used to read an exposed and developed film

A

densitometer

71
Q

what are the 4 film characteristics that we can measure on a sensitometric curve?

A

resolution, speed, contrast, latitude

72
Q

The measurement of the characteristic responses of film to exposure. It is used to evaluate film, exposure systems and processing equipment

A

sensitometry

73
Q

what type of relationship exists between the resolution and Crystal size?

A

inverse

74
Q

define speed

A

The amount of density a film produces per exposure

75
Q

define resolution

A

the ability to accurately image an object. faster film speeds produce lower resolution

76
Q

define contrast

A

The difference between adjacent densities

77
Q

what relationship exists between contrast and latitude

A

inverse

78
Q

what instrument is used to read an exposed and developed film

A

densitometer

Rad tech subjects (16 decks)

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