Ch. 18 Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Enlightened Despots Flashcards
1
Q
In what two ways was Frederick the Great of Prussia enlightened only to an extent?
A
pg. 15
2
Q
Who formed the law of inertia? What did the law say?
A
pg. 4
3
Q
Marquise du Chatelet
- Relationship with Voltaire
- Studied \_\_\_\_+\_\_\_\_
- Because a woman, \_\_\_\_
- Became somewhat of a \_\_\_\_
- \_\_\_\_ ideas instead of theorizing/discovering new ideas
A
pg. 10
4
Q
Who would be quick to criticize Copernicus? Who would be slow to criticize but eventually begin adamantly criticizing Copernicus?
A
pg. 3
5
Q
Consequences of the Scientific Revolution
-State them, elaborate on each
A
pg. 7
6
Q
What was the enormous influence of Johannes Kepler?
A
pg. 3
7
Q
Joseph II’s rapid moves
- Controlled the \_\_\_\_
- Granted \_\_\_\_\_
- Abolished \_\_\_\_
- Declined \_\_\_\_
- Popular?
- Sudden death would cause \_\_\_\_ for the Habsburg empire and Leopold II to \_\_\_\_
A
pg. 17
8
Q
Reasons why Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV
A
pg. 8
9
Q
Essay Concerning Human Nature
- Written by \_\_\_\_
- New theory put forth on how humans \_\_\_\_
- Insisted all ideas derived from \_\_\_\_; disagreed with \_\_\_\_
- Human mind a \_\_\_\_- a \_\_\_\_-on which \_\_\_\_ writes belief
A
pg. 8
10
Q
How was the Renaissance a cause of the scientific revolution?
A
pg. 5
11
Q
Marie-Jean Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet
- Famous book:
- Hypothesized and tracked \_\_\_\_\_
- Persecuted/Well respected?
A
pg. 11
12
Q
Andreas Vesalius (on back)
- What did he study? - What's his famous book? - Father of \_\_\_\_ - Why did the Church dislike him?
A
Human body
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Modern biological Science
Because he dissected dead bodies and conducted experiments with them
13
Q
Ptolemy
- Last great \_\_\_\_\_, lived during \_\_\_\_\_ - Had worked on \_\_\_\_ - Copernicus had found that his work was \_\_\_\_
A
pg. 2
14
Q
David Hume
- Argued that the human mind is nothing but \_\_\_\_\_
- Which agreed with philosophe \_\_\_\_\_
- Impressions originate only in \_\_\_\_+\_\_\_\_\_, not \_\_\_\_
A
pg. 11
15
Q
Bernard de Fontenelle
- Wanted Science as readable as a \_\_\_\_
- Book:
- Brought \_\_\_\_ into conflict with \_\_\_\_
- How did he do this? What book did he do this in?
A
pg. 8
16
Q
What is Pierre Bayle most famously known for? What’s his famous book, and what did it conclude?
A
pg. 8
17
Q
Baron Paul d’Holbach
- Famous book:
- Argued that human beings were \_\_\_\_, that \_\_\_\_ were all foolish
- Why would he be a heavy blow to the Enlightenment?
A
pg. 11
18
Q
How much did the Enlightenment influence the lower classes vs. the upper classes?
A
pg. 7
19
Q
Outside of Prussia, Netherlands, and England, what was used to circumvent censorship?
-This included ____
A
pg. 13
20
Q
Parlement of Paris vs. Louis XV
A
pg. 18
21
Q
What are the 4 causes of uncertainty (just state them, don’t elaborate)?
A
pg. 8
22
Q
What is Voltaire’s real name? He is the most famous ____
A
pg. 10
23
Q
What are the 3 central concepts of the Enlightenment?
A
pg. 7
24
Q
Duke of Orleans would lead a ____
- Ancient right of \_\_\_\_ restored
- Heavy blow to \_\_\_\_
A
pg. 17
25
How was rapidly growing travel literature on non-European lands a cause for uncertainty?
pg. 8
26
Immanuel Kant
- Argued that thinkers need to ____
- Said Frederick the Great was an ____ because ____
pg. 13
27
What are the 3 reasons for France seeing the highest development of the Enlightenment?
pg. 9
28
Rene de Maupeou
- Appointed ____ by Louis XV
- Ordered to ____
- Abolished ____, exiled ____
- Created ____
- Taxed ____
- Philosophes criticized him of "____"
- Measures enhanced/helped destroy absolutism in France?
pg. 18
29
What was the great majority of the population in France, what was the minority? What did Jean Raud d'Atembert say about the majority?
pg. 9
30
Why were Aristotle's ideas accepted (2 reasons)?
pg. 2
31
who led the first departure from medieval thought?
pg. 2
32
Louis XIV's successor: ____
| -How old was he when he came to the throne?
pg. 17
33
European market for ____ grew dramatically during the 18th Century
- Details:
- "Reading" Revolution:
pg. 12
34
Which countries would have mixed results of "enlightened absolutism?"
pg. 13
35
France put into a financial crisis by ____
- How did Louis XV try to solve this problem?
- Successful/unsuccessful?
pg. 18
36
Copernicus's accidental effects-Copernican hypothesis
- Put ____ at rest, their apparently nightly movement just ____
- Destroyed ____
- Suggested ____
- Destroyed basic idea of ____
- What was that basic idea?
pg. 2
37
What was accepted by philosophes s the best opportunity for improving society?
-Who was distrusted by the philosophes?
pg. 13
38
Invasion of Silesia 1740 by Frederick the Great upon ____'s death
- Defied the ____
- Started the ____
- Prussia benefited or not?
pg. 14
39
Enlightened absolutism rulers and reforms
pgs. 18-19
40
Enlightenment influence on eastern+east-central Europe
| -Rulers ruled as an"____"/"____"
pg. 18
41
Women influence during Enlightenment
- Artistic movement:____
- Male philosophes wanted _____ rights for women
pg. 13
42
Aristotle and physics+motion on earth
- Sharply distinguished world of ____ and ____
- Spheres a "____"
- What are the 4 imperfect, changeable elements in the sublunar world?
- Believed that a ____ moved an object at a ____ and that the object would stop as soon as ____
pg. 1
43
Aristotle's views
- Brought together with ____, said that ____ was center of universe
- Around the earth moves ____
- Beyond ____, there was heaven
pg. 1
44
What better instruments contributed to the scientific revolution?
pg. 6
45
Who was Johannes Kepler first the assistant of?
pg. 3
46
Gresham college, Royal society of London
| -How did it contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
pg. 5
47
What was the traditional European conception of the universe based on?
pg. 1
48
Louis XVI
- Dismissed ____
- Reinstated ____
- Locked into stalemate with ____
pg. 18
49
Enlightenment influence on France
- Ability to rule as an absolute monarchy ____
- Resurgence of ____, growth of ____
pg. 18
50
What two other events during Copernicus's time would also create mild doubt?
pg. 3
51
Law of universal gravitation
- Key feature of ____
- Said that everybody in the universe ____
- Whole ____ unified in one majestic system
pg. 5
52
What was the biggest cause of the change in World-view?
pg. 1
53
Johannes Kepler's work destroyed ____, came close to formulating the idea of ___
pg. 3
54
Philosophy and religious positions of Voltarie
pg. 10
55
Influence of Madame Geoffrin
pg. 13
56
Sir Isaac Newton integrated a single explanatory system of ____ with ____
-How did he do this?
pg. 5
57
What did Galileo show in his famous acceleration experiment?
| -What was this explained in?
pg. 4
58
Frederick the Great-Marisa Theresa conflict
- ____,____,____ alliance
- Seven Years' War
- Goal:
- Peter III's influence
pg. 14
59
What was arguably the greatest achievement of Galileo Gallei?
pg. 4
60
Tycho Brahe
- Agreed/Disagreed with Copernicus?
- Became world renowned for ____
- Mesmerized by ____
- Greatest contribution:
- Good/bad at math:
- Is he Ptolemaic of Copernican? Summarize his beliefs about the layout of the universe in respect to the earth, sun, and stars
pg. 3
61
Was Voltaire a revolutionary or reformer?
- Appointed ___ 1743
- _Age of Louis XIV_ portrayed Louis as ____
- Relationship with Frederick the Great of Prussia:
pg. 10
62
Rene Descartes
- Discovered perfect correspondence between algebra and geometry; ____
- ____ everything
- Used ____ to assert scientific law
- Cartesian dualism:
pg. 6
63
How was the long-term contribution of medieval intellectual life and medieval universities a cause of the Scientific Revolution?
pg. 5
64
Francis Bacon
- Argued that new knowledge had to be pursued through ____
- Claimed ____ would result in more practical, highly useful knowledge
- How did he provide new and effective justification for private and public support of scientific inquiry?
- Inductive/Deductive Reasoning?
- Famous book? (This answer on back)
Novum Organum
65
Voltaire pessimistically concluded that the best ruler for a government was a ____
- Human beings "____"
- Apposed ____'s view
- Did not believe in ____+____ equality in human affairs
- Only equality was that ____
pg. 10
66
Sir Isaac Newton
- Complete and utter ____
- Would fuse new ideas into a ____
- Intensely ____
- What's his famous book (Full name + nickname)?
pg. 4
67
Frederick the Great and the Enlghtenment
- ____ got him to believe in the Enlightenment
- Allowed his subjects to ____
- Promoted ____
- In what ways did he directly try to improve the lives of his subjects?
- Reconstruction of ____ and ____ after 7 years' war
- Justified monarchy in ____, not in ____
pg. 14
68
How was Navigational problems of long sea voyages during the age of overseas expansion a cause of the Scientific Revolution?
pgs. 5-6
69
Causes of the scientific revolution (just state them, don't elaborate on each one)
pgs. 5-6
70
What two great philosophers/scientists contributed to the modern scientific method? How?
pg. 6
71
How did the role of religion help cause the scientific revolution?
pg. 6
72
Copernicus believed in geocentric/heliocentric model of universe?
pg. 2
73
Frederick II, a.k.a ____
| -Relationship with dad at first
pg. 14
74
Denis Diderot and ____ helped edit the ____
- Questioned ____; exalted ____
- Showed that human beings could ____
- Sought to teach people ____
pg. 11
75
What are the 3 aspects of the many reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II?
pg. 17
76
What are the 3 famous laws of planetary motion? Who formed them?
pg. 3
77
What was Galileo's famous book that get him tried by his friend Pope Urban VIII and eventually imprisoned? Name one other of his books (found earlier in this notes section)
pg. 4
78
What is Copernicus's famous book? Why was it speficially published in 1543?
pg. 2
79
Baron de Montesquieu
- In what famous book did he satirize Persian-European perspectives?
- In what famous book did he apply the critical method to the problem of government?
- Despotism could be avoided if there was a ____
- ____ the defenders of liberty against royal despotism
- His ____ theory would influence both the U.S. and French Revolution
pg. 9
80
Galileo theorized that the universe is just ____
pg. 4
81
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- What nationality?
- Comitted to ____; attacked ____ and ____ as destroying the individual
- Influential ____ period and development of ____+____
- Famous book:____
- What are the two extremely influential concepts of contribution?
- Elaborate:
pg. 12
