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AP Euro > Ch. 18 Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Enlightened Despots > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Enlightened Despots Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

In what two ways was Frederick the Great of Prussia enlightened only to an extent?

A

pg. 15

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2
Q

Who formed the law of inertia? What did the law say?

A

pg. 4

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3
Q

Marquise du Chatelet

- Relationship with Voltaire
- Studied \_\_\_\_+\_\_\_\_
- Because a woman, \_\_\_\_
    - Became somewhat of a \_\_\_\_
    - \_\_\_\_ ideas instead of theorizing/discovering new ideas
A

pg. 10

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4
Q

Who would be quick to criticize Copernicus? Who would be slow to criticize but eventually begin adamantly criticizing Copernicus?

A

pg. 3

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5
Q

Consequences of the Scientific Revolution

-State them, elaborate on each

A

pg. 7

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6
Q

What was the enormous influence of Johannes Kepler?

A

pg. 3

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7
Q

Joseph II’s rapid moves

- Controlled the \_\_\_\_
- Granted \_\_\_\_\_
- Abolished \_\_\_\_
- Declined \_\_\_\_
    - Popular?
- Sudden death would cause \_\_\_\_ for the Habsburg empire and Leopold II to \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 17

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8
Q

Reasons why Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV

A

pg. 8

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9
Q

Essay Concerning Human Nature

- Written by \_\_\_\_
- New theory put forth on how humans \_\_\_\_
    - Insisted all ideas derived from \_\_\_\_; disagreed with \_\_\_\_
     - Human mind a \_\_\_\_- a \_\_\_\_-on which \_\_\_\_ writes belief
A

pg. 8

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10
Q

How was the Renaissance a cause of the scientific revolution?

A

pg. 5

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11
Q

Marie-Jean Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet

- Famous book:
    - Hypothesized and tracked \_\_\_\_\_
- Persecuted/Well respected?
A

pg. 11

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12
Q

Andreas Vesalius (on back)

- What did he study?
- What's his famous book?
- Father of \_\_\_\_
- Why did the Church dislike him?
A

Human body
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Modern biological Science
Because he dissected dead bodies and conducted experiments with them

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13
Q

Ptolemy

- Last great \_\_\_\_\_, lived during \_\_\_\_\_
- Had worked on \_\_\_\_
- Copernicus had found that his work was \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 2

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14
Q

David Hume

- Argued that the human mind is nothing but \_\_\_\_\_
    - Which agreed with philosophe \_\_\_\_\_
- Impressions originate only in \_\_\_\_+\_\_\_\_\_, not \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 11

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15
Q

Bernard de Fontenelle

- Wanted Science as readable as a \_\_\_\_
- Book:
- Brought \_\_\_\_ into conflict with \_\_\_\_
    - How did he do this? What book did he do this in?
A

pg. 8

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16
Q

What is Pierre Bayle most famously known for? What’s his famous book, and what did it conclude?

A

pg. 8

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17
Q

Baron Paul d’Holbach

- Famous book:
    - Argued that human beings were \_\_\_\_, that \_\_\_\_ were all foolish
- Why would he be a heavy blow to the Enlightenment?
A

pg. 11

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18
Q

How much did the Enlightenment influence the lower classes vs. the upper classes?

A

pg. 7

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19
Q

Outside of Prussia, Netherlands, and England, what was used to circumvent censorship?
-This included ____

A

pg. 13

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20
Q

Parlement of Paris vs. Louis XV

A

pg. 18

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21
Q

What are the 4 causes of uncertainty (just state them, don’t elaborate)?

A

pg. 8

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22
Q

What is Voltaire’s real name? He is the most famous ____

A

pg. 10

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23
Q

What are the 3 central concepts of the Enlightenment?

A

pg. 7

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24
Q

Duke of Orleans would lead a ____

- Ancient right of \_\_\_\_ restored
    - Heavy blow to \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 17

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25
Q

How was rapidly growing travel literature on non-European lands a cause for uncertainty?

A

pg. 8

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26
Q

Immanuel Kant

- Argued that thinkers need to \_\_\_\_
- Said Frederick the Great was an \_\_\_\_ because \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 13

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27
Q

What are the 3 reasons for France seeing the highest development of the Enlightenment?

A

pg. 9

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28
Q

Rene de Maupeou

- Appointed \_\_\_\_ by Louis XV
- Ordered to \_\_\_\_
- Abolished \_\_\_\_, exiled \_\_\_\_
- Created \_\_\_\_
- Taxed \_\_\_\_
    - Philosophes criticized him of "\_\_\_\_"
- Measures enhanced/helped destroy absolutism in France?
A

pg. 18

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29
Q

What was the great majority of the population in France, what was the minority? What did Jean Raud d’Atembert say about the majority?

A

pg. 9

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30
Q

Why were Aristotle’s ideas accepted (2 reasons)?

A

pg. 2

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31
Q

who led the first departure from medieval thought?

A

pg. 2

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32
Q

Louis XIV’s successor: ____

-How old was he when he came to the throne?

A

pg. 17

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33
Q

European market for ____ grew dramatically during the 18th Century

- Details:
- "Reading" Revolution:
A

pg. 12

34
Q

Which countries would have mixed results of “enlightened absolutism?”

A

pg. 13

35
Q

France put into a financial crisis by ____

- How did Louis XV try to solve this problem?
    - Successful/unsuccessful?
A

pg. 18

36
Q

Copernicus’s accidental effects-Copernican hypothesis

- Put \_\_\_\_ at rest, their apparently nightly movement just \_\_\_\_
- Destroyed \_\_\_\_
- Suggested \_\_\_\_
- Destroyed basic idea of \_\_\_\_
    - What was that basic idea?
A

pg. 2

37
Q

What was accepted by philosophes s the best opportunity for improving society?
-Who was distrusted by the philosophes?

A

pg. 13

38
Q

Invasion of Silesia 1740 by Frederick the Great upon ____’s death

- Defied the \_\_\_\_
- Started the \_\_\_\_
   - Prussia benefited or not?
A

pg. 14

39
Q

Enlightened absolutism rulers and reforms

A

pgs. 18-19

40
Q

Enlightenment influence on eastern+east-central Europe

-Rulers ruled as an”____”/”____”

A

pg. 18

41
Q

Women influence during Enlightenment

- Artistic movement:\_\_\_\_
- Male philosophes wanted \_\_\_\_\_ rights for women
A

pg. 13

42
Q

Aristotle and physics+motion on earth

- Sharply distinguished world of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
- Spheres a "\_\_\_\_"
- What are the 4 imperfect, changeable elements in the sublunar world?
- Believed that a \_\_\_\_ moved an object at a \_\_\_\_ and that the object would stop as soon as \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 1

43
Q

Aristotle’s views

- Brought together with \_\_\_\_, said that \_\_\_\_ was center of universe
- Around the earth moves \_\_\_\_
- Beyond \_\_\_\_, there was heaven
A

pg. 1

44
Q

What better instruments contributed to the scientific revolution?

A

pg. 6

45
Q

Who was Johannes Kepler first the assistant of?

A

pg. 3

46
Q

Gresham college, Royal society of London

-How did it contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

A

pg. 5

47
Q

What was the traditional European conception of the universe based on?

A

pg. 1

48
Q

Louis XVI

- Dismissed \_\_\_\_
- Reinstated \_\_\_\_
- Locked into stalemate with \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 18

49
Q

Enlightenment influence on France

- Ability to rule as an absolute monarchy \_\_\_\_
- Resurgence of \_\_\_\_, growth of \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 18

50
Q

What two other events during Copernicus’s time would also create mild doubt?

A

pg. 3

51
Q

Law of universal gravitation

- Key feature of \_\_\_\_
- Said that everybody in the universe \_\_\_\_
- Whole \_\_\_\_ unified in one majestic system
A

pg. 5

52
Q

What was the biggest cause of the change in World-view?

A

pg. 1

53
Q

Johannes Kepler’s work destroyed ____, came close to formulating the idea of ___

A

pg. 3

54
Q

Philosophy and religious positions of Voltarie

A

pg. 10

55
Q

Influence of Madame Geoffrin

A

pg. 13

56
Q

Sir Isaac Newton integrated a single explanatory system of ____ with ____
-How did he do this?

A

pg. 5

57
Q

What did Galileo show in his famous acceleration experiment?

-What was this explained in?

A

pg. 4

58
Q

Frederick the Great-Marisa Theresa conflict

- \_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_ alliance
- Seven Years' War
    - Goal:
    - Peter III's influence
A

pg. 14

59
Q

What was arguably the greatest achievement of Galileo Gallei?

A

pg. 4

60
Q

Tycho Brahe

- Agreed/Disagreed with Copernicus?
- Became world renowned for \_\_\_\_
- Mesmerized by \_\_\_\_
- Greatest contribution:
- Good/bad at math:
- Is he Ptolemaic of Copernican? Summarize his beliefs about the layout of the universe in respect to the earth, sun, and stars
A

pg. 3

61
Q

Was Voltaire a revolutionary or reformer?

- Appointed \_\_\_ 1743
- _Age of Louis XIV_ portrayed Louis as \_\_\_\_
- Relationship with Frederick the Great of Prussia:
A

pg. 10

62
Q

Rene Descartes

- Discovered perfect correspondence between algebra and geometry; \_\_\_\_
- \_\_\_\_ everything
- Used \_\_\_\_ to assert scientific law
- Cartesian dualism:
A

pg. 6

63
Q

How was the long-term contribution of medieval intellectual life and medieval universities a cause of the Scientific Revolution?

A

pg. 5

64
Q

Francis Bacon

- Argued that new knowledge had to be pursued through \_\_\_\_
- Claimed \_\_\_\_ would result in more practical, highly useful knowledge
- How did he provide new and effective justification for private and public support of scientific inquiry?
- Inductive/Deductive Reasoning?
- Famous book? (This answer on back)
A

Novum Organum

65
Q

Voltaire pessimistically concluded that the best ruler for a government was a ____

- Human beings "\_\_\_\_"
- Apposed \_\_\_\_'s view
- Did not believe in \_\_\_\_+\_\_\_\_ equality in human affairs
- Only equality was that \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 10

66
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

- Complete and utter \_\_\_\_
- Would fuse new ideas into a \_\_\_\_
- Intensely \_\_\_\_
- What's his famous book (Full name + nickname)?
A

pg. 4

67
Q

Frederick the Great and the Enlghtenment

- \_\_\_\_ got him to believe in the Enlightenment
- Allowed his subjects to \_\_\_\_
- Promoted \_\_\_\_
- In what ways did he directly try to improve the lives of his subjects?
- Reconstruction of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ after 7 years' war
- Justified monarchy in \_\_\_\_, not in \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 14

68
Q

How was Navigational problems of long sea voyages during the age of overseas expansion a cause of the Scientific Revolution?

A

pgs. 5-6

69
Q

Causes of the scientific revolution (just state them, don’t elaborate on each one)

A

pgs. 5-6

70
Q

What two great philosophers/scientists contributed to the modern scientific method? How?

A

pg. 6

71
Q

How did the role of religion help cause the scientific revolution?

A

pg. 6

72
Q

Copernicus believed in geocentric/heliocentric model of universe?

A

pg. 2

73
Q

Frederick II, a.k.a ____

-Relationship with dad at first

A

pg. 14

74
Q

Denis Diderot and ____ helped edit the ____

- Questioned \_\_\_\_; exalted \_\_\_\_
- Showed that human beings could \_\_\_\_
- Sought to teach people \_\_\_\_
A

pg. 11

75
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the many reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II?

A

pg. 17

76
Q

What are the 3 famous laws of planetary motion? Who formed them?

A

pg. 3

77
Q

What was Galileo’s famous book that get him tried by his friend Pope Urban VIII and eventually imprisoned? Name one other of his books (found earlier in this notes section)

A

pg. 4

78
Q

What is Copernicus’s famous book? Why was it speficially published in 1543?

A

pg. 2

79
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

- In what famous book did he satirize Persian-European perspectives?
- In what famous book did he apply the critical method to the problem of government?
    - Despotism could be avoided if there was a \_\_\_\_
    - \_\_\_\_ the defenders of liberty against royal despotism
- His \_\_\_\_ theory would influence both the U.S. and French Revolution
A

pg. 9

80
Q

Galileo theorized that the universe is just ____

A

pg. 4

81
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

- What nationality?
- Comitted to \_\_\_\_; attacked \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ as destroying the individual 
    - Influential \_\_\_\_ period and development of \_\_\_\_+\_\_\_\_
- Famous book:\_\_\_\_
    - What are the two extremely influential concepts of contribution?
        - Elaborate:
A

pg. 12

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