Ch 17: Sports Broadcasting Flashcards
what is electronic media?
radio, TV, and Internet
what has been a major impact of electronic media in the sport industry?
transformed the industry’s relationship w/ the public
what do sport entities rely on broadcasters for?
revenue and publicity
why do electronic media outlets seek out opps in sport?
they know that sporting events are easy way to attract audiences that advertisers will pay to reach
year of telegraph
1844
year of telephone
1876
“wireless” radio established when?
by WW1
when was the first radio broadcast of sports events?
1921
-boxing and baseball
Pittsburgh Athletic Co. v. KQV Broadcasting Co.
- 1938
- fed court ruled that home team controls all commercial broadcasting rights to a sporting event
what did network radio allow for?
many local stations across the country to broadcast the same event
what is a network?
linked individual stations via telephone wires
radio’s ability to reach a national audience created what kind of opportunities?
national advertising opps
what did radio do for sport publicity?
increased fan support, was valuable publicity and promo tool
what was media like after WW2?
Tv now, so consumers can see and hear
when did TV overtake radio as nation’s primary mass medium?
1950s
when was instant replay first used?
1963 (Army-Navy game)
“solid state” transistor-based cameras and zoom lenses
- enhanced pic quality/mobility
- increasingly compelling video images
growth in sport broadcasting dominated by two men…
- ABC Exec Roone Arledge
- NFL Commish Pete Rozelle
Roone Arledge
- entertainment + sport
- 1960: ABC + AFL
- 1961=Wide World of Sports
- 1968=ABC is Olympics Network
- 1970=MNF
Pete Rozelle
- moved NFL Hq to NYC (networks and ad agencies)
- revenue sharing
- Sport Broadcasting Act of 1961
Sport Broadcasting Act of 1961
granted pro ball, baseball, hockey, bball teams immunity from antitrust actions regarding pooled sale of broadcast rights
what led broadcasters to pursue the rights to additional sporting events?
huge ratings from MNF and Olympics
NCAA ball ship year
1973
World Series Primetime
1971
Ted Turner
TBS signal nationwide ine 1977 via satellite
ESPN start
1979
-24 hr sport program
1987: ESPN & NFL
first agreement occurs
-levied surcharge on its subscriber fees
NFL Primetime
1987
-strictly fball highlights
what did the NCAA limit in terms of television?
limited # of times one universe could appear on TV and also distributed revenue among its members
Board of Regents v. NCAA
- U.S. Supreme Court case
- colleges won freedom to sign their own deals for college fball
X Games
- 1995
- helped give brand identity to ESPN2
DVR
- 1999
- allows for time-shifting in order to skip commercials
what was first sports network to launch an HD channel?
ESPN
what is the standard sport broadcasting business model?
a telecaster pays a rights fee to the organizer of a game or event
Telecaster
- produces the telecast
- arranges for its distribution to public
how does a telecaster recoup its fees and expenses?
by selling advertising in the game telecast and network distribution rights to cable operators
in most pro and college sports, who controls national tv rights?
league or conference and individual team retains radio rights and some local tv rights
who controls tv rights in individual sports (tennis, boxing)
event organizer
key terms in the negotiation of a rights agreement include…?
- amount of rights fees
- distrib. of telecast
- length of deal
- copyright
- sponsorship rights
how do broadcasters determine how much they are willing to pay in rights fees?
they calculate how much money they can make on the programming by selling advertising in the particular programming
what league has the largest rights fees and why?
NFL, since they have highest rated sport programs
how are most rights fees shared?
equally among all member teams
how can revenue disparities occur?
when teams receive tv fees from both national and local rightsholders
what does a network HAVE to obtain?
rights fees
what are the 3 typical rights arrangements?
- rights and production deal
- rights only agreement
- time buy
rights and production deal?
in addition to paying a rights fee for an event/ series a broadcaster must pay the expenses necessary to produce the coverage
what are some key parts of the production process?
- setting up cameras at venue
- outfitting a booth
- production truck
- cleanfeed goes from truck to network studio
- then its transmitted to network affiliates
who are sports broadcasts key for?
for advertisers in search of key demographics
what is a traditional advertisement in a sport tv program?
30 second commercial message for a consumer product
what two entities do commercial formats contain advertising breaks for?
national commercials (sold by networks) and local ads (sold by local stations)
what is the basis for calculating the price of advertisements
the basis of the number of ppl watching the telecast (rating)
share (in terms of TV ratings)
the percentage of TV sets actually in due at a particular time that are tuned into a show
-companion measurement to a tv rating
Distribution
- broadcast networks
- syndication
- cable networks
- digital networks
- pay per view
- radio
what are game telecasts protected by?
copyright law
what is a copyright?
literally the right to copy an original work that is in tangible form
why is it important that rights holders own telecast copyrights and control highlight usage?
they can monetize those assets
