Ch 17 Flashcards
cations
positively charged electrolytes
isotonic
having the same osmotic pressure
Osmosis
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Anions
Negatively charged electrolytes
Filtration
Movement of solutes out of a solution with greater hydrostatic pressure.
Osmolarity
Number of molecules in a liter solution
Hypotonic
having a lower osmotic pressure.
Active transport
Movement of molecules to an area of higher concentration.
Extracellular fluid
All fluids outside of the cell.
Interstitial fluid
Fluid between the cells and outside of the blood vessels
Intracellular fluid
All fluids within the cell.
Sodium
Cation; extracellular -maintenance of water balance , nerve impulse transmission, regulation of acid-base balance, and participation in cellular chemical reactions.
Potassium
Cation; intracellular- necessary for glycogen deposits in the liver and skeletal muscle, transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, cardiac rhythm and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
Calcium
Cation, intracellular- bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, hormone secretion, cell membrane integrity, cardiac conduction transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction.
Magnesium
Cation, intracellular- enzyme activities, neuro chemical activities, and cardiac and skeletal muscle excitability.
Chloride
Anion; extracellular- follows sodium
Bicarbonate
Anion; both intracellular and extracellular-major chemical base buffer
Acid-base balance in the body is regulated by?
-chemical, biological, and phycological.
Identify types of medications that may cause fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances?
Diuretics, steroids, potassium supplements, antibiotics, antacids, respiratory center depressants, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide
Fluids and solutes move across cell membranes by four processes?
diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and active transport
Hydrostatic pressure
is the force of the fluid pressing outward against the surface.
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone is stored in the poster pituitary, and is released in response to changes in blood osmolarity. prevents diuresis thus causing the body to reabsorb water.
Aldosterone
released by the adrenal cortex to counteract hypovolemia in response to increased plasma potassium levels or as part of the renin =-angiotensin aldosterone mechanism <increased blood volume.
ANP
Atrial naturetic peptide is a hormone that promotes vasodilatation ( acts as a diuretic that causes sodium loss and diminishes thirst mechanism.
Hyponatremia
lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood (serum), which occurs when there is a net sodium loss or a net water excess. Normal extracellular sodium concentration is 135-145 mEq/L.
Hypernatremia
is a greater than normal concentration of sodium in ECF caused by excess water loss or an overall sodium excess. 135-145 mEq/L are the normal levels.
Hypokalemia
Inadequate amount of potassium in the ECF (The normal range for serum potassium is 3.5 to 5 mEg/L. (the body conserves potassium poorly, so any condition that increase urine output decreases serum output)
Hyperkalemia
is a greater than normal amount of potassium in the blood. (renal failure) Normal range 3.5-5 mEq/L
Hypocalcemia
represents a drop in serum ionized calcium. (illnesses that affect the thyroid and parathyroid gland) Normal ranges serum ionized 4.5-5.5 mg/dl.& total calcium levels are 8.5-10.5 mg/dL.
Hypercalcemia
is an increase in the total serum concentration of calcium and/or ionized calcium. 4.5-5.5 mg/dL & total calcium levels are 8.5-10.5 mg/dL.
Hypomagnesemia
a drop in serum magnesium levels, occurs with malnutrition and malabsorption disorders.Normal magnesium ranges from 1.5-2.5 mEq/L.
Hypermagnesemia
an increase in serum magnesium levels, is often the result of excess intake. Normal magnesium ranges from 1.5-2.5 mEq/L.
Hypochloremia
occurs when the serum chloride level falls below normal. (metabolic alkalosis results) - vomiting or excessive nasogastric or fistula drainage.Normal range from 95-105 mEq/L.
Hyperchloremia
occurs when the serum chloride level rises above normal, which usually occurs when the serum bicarbonate value falls or sodium level rises. Normal serum concentrations of chloride range from 95-105 mEq/L.
acidic
Less than 7.35
alkalotic
more than 7.45 (base)
Oxygen saturation
is the percentage of hemoglobin molecules saturated by oxygen. Normal ranges are greater than <90%.
Respiratory acidoses
pH less than 7.35.
Respiratory alkalosis
pH greater than 7.45
Metabolic acidosis
pH less than 7.35
Metabolic alkalosis
pH above 7.45;common cause are vomiting and gastric suction.
FVE
(fluid volume excess) require restricted fluid intake.
TPN
total parenteral nutrition- IV fluid and electrolyte therapy.- A nutritionally adequate hypertonic solution consisting of glucose, other nutrients, and electrolytes administered through a central venous catheter.
Peripherally inserted central catheters
PICC- inserted in a peripheral vein in the arm, such as the cephalic vein, basilic vein, or brachial vein and then advanced through increasingly larger veins, toward the heart until the tip rests in the distal superior vena cava.
VAD
Vascular access devices - access to the vascular system. Designed for long-term use.
Isotonic (IV therapy)
is the solution used for extracellular volume replacement. e.g., FVD after prolonged vomiting.
hypotonic (IV therapy)
EX: hypotonic fluid imbalance- moves fluid from the intravascular space into the cells, causing them to enlarge.
Hypertonic (IV therapy)
hypertonic solutions pull fluid into vascular space by osmosis, resulting in an increased vascular volume, which can lead to pulmonary edema, particularly in patients with heart or renal failure.
NOTE:
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD YOU GIVE KCL IN AN IV PUSH. A DIRECT IV INFUSION OF KCL MAY BE FATAL, IV ADMINISTRATION REQUIRES DILUTION IN SOLUTION AND INFUSION OVER A PERIOD OF TIME.
Infiltration
occurs when IV fluids seep into subcutaneous tissue around the venipuncture site. -Swelling, pallor, coolness, pain.
Phlebitis
Inflammation of the vein.
