CH. 16.2 The Sympathetic Division

Question 1

where do the axons of sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers enter?

Answer 1

the ventral roots of segments T₁ to L₂

Question 2

Where are the three locations of sympathetic ganglionic neurons?

Answer 2

1. Sympathetic chain ganglia (both sides of vertebral column)
2. Collateral ganglia (pre-vetebral ganglia) anterior to veterbral bodies
3. The Adrenal Medulla

Question 3

Where are the neurotransmitters of sympathetic ganglia in the adrenal medullae released?

Answer 3

into the bloodstream… not a synapse!! allowing them to function as hormones

Question 4

Each sympathetic chain contains

___ cervical ganglia

___ thoracic ganglia

___ lumbar ganglia

___ sacral ganglia

___ coccygeal ganglion

Answer 4

• 3
• 10-12
• 4-5
• 4-5
• 1

Question 5

Sympathetic spinal nerves at spinal cord segments between ___ and ____ have both white and gray rami

Answer 5

T1 - T2

because only these nerves receive pre-ganglionic fibers from the spinal cord. In other regions receive pre-ganglionic fibers along the chain axis and spinal nerves have only gray rami for post-ganglionic distribution

Question 6

What are the two key distinctions of sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers that innervate the adrenal medullae?

Answer 6

1. Affected cells are not innervated by post-ganglionic fibers
2. Effects last longer because they continue to diffuse through the body

Question 7

What are the two ways the sympathetic system can can change the activity of tissues?

Answer 7

1. Release NE at peripheral synapse
2. Relsease E and/or NE via bloodstream

Question 8

What are the effects of sympathetic activation?

Answer 8

Increased alterness

1. Energy and euphoria
   (disregard to danger, pain insensitivity)
2. • pons and medulla oblongata
     => (+HR, +BP, +RR, +respiration depth)
3. • muscle tone (tense, shivering)
4. glycogen breakdown in muscle, liver + lipid release from adipose tissue

Question 9

What are the two types of sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 9

1. Tissues and organs through synapses or bloodstream
2. Localized visceral effects through reflexes
3. “Sympathetic activation”
   KEY: controlled by hypothalamus; alters CNS activity