Ch. 16.1-16.2 Organization & Divisions of ANS

Question 1

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 1

VISCERAL EFFETORS

Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic.

* Motor neurons of the CNS snyapse at visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia

*Ganglionic neurons control visceral effectors

Question 2

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 2

SKELETAL EFFECTORS

* SNS motor neurons of the CNS synapse directly at skeletal muscle

Question 3

Visceral effectors

Answer 3

• smooth muscles
• glands
• cardiac muscle
• adipocytes

Question 4

Where are the integrative centers for autonomic activity?

Answer 4

the hypothalamus

Question 5

Which ANS neurons are comparable to upper motor neurons of the SNS?

Answer 5

The integrative neurons in the hypothalamus

Question 6

Visceral motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord

Answer 6

pre-ganglionic neurons

Question 7

What are visceral reflex arcs?

Answer 7

Made up of visceral motor neurons (pre-ganglionic neurons) that respond to reflexes, rather than integrated commands in the hypothalamus.

Motor commands are distrubted by the ANS

e.g. goose bumps; HR increase due to a loud noise. Result from neurotransmitters released by post-ganglionic neurons into effectors

Question 8

The axons of preganglionic neurons

Answer 8

preganglionic fibers

Question 9

visceral motor neurons that originate outside the brain stem and spinal cord

Answer 9

ganglionic neurons

Question 10

the axons of post-ganglionic neurons

Answer 10

post-ganglionic fibers

Question 11

ganglia that are outside the brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 11

autonomic ganglia

Question 12

these neurons innervate visceral effectors

Answer 12

ganglionic neurons

Question 13

The thorocolumbar division of the ANS

Answer 13

sympathetic

Question 14

the craniosacral division of the ANS

Answer 14

parasympathetic

Question 15

autonomic ganglia are close to spinal cord

Answer 15

thorocolumbar (sympathetic) division

Question 16

autonomic ganglia that synapse closer to or within visceral effectors

Answer 16

craniosacral (parasympathetic) division

Question 17

short pre-ganglionic fibers, long post-ganglionic fibers

Answer 17

sympathetic

(thoracolumbar)

Question 18

long pre-ganglionic fibers, short post-ganglionic fibers

Answer 18

parasympathetic (craniosacral) division

Question 19

What are the 7 general responses to sympathetic activity?

Answer 19

1. mental alertness
2. increased metabolism
3. reduced digestive and urinary
4. energy reserves activate
5. increased RR + passageways
6. increased HR + BP
7. sweat glands on

Question 20

where do pre-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division originate?

Answer 20

between segments** T₁ and L₂** of the spinal cord

(the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord)

Question 21

where do pre-ganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

Answer 21

in the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord

Question 22

prepares the body for heightened activity

Answer 22

the thoracolumbar division

Question 23

stimulates visceral activity

Answer 23

the craniosacral division

Question 24

What are the 5 main responses to craniosacral activation?

Answer 24

1. decreased metabolic rate
2. decreased HR and BP
3. salivary and digestive secretion
4. increased digestive motility and blood flow
5. urination & defecation

Question 25

The enteric nervous system (ENS)

Answer 25

an extensive network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract. Influenced by both sympathetic and parasympathetic. Controlled by many complex visceral reflexes without instructions from CNS

Question 26

where are the cell bodies of sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers located?

Answer 26

in the lateral gray horns of T₁ to L₂

Question 27

where do the axons of sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers enter?

Answer 27

the ventral roots of segments T₁ to L₂

Question 28

Where are the three locations of sympathetic ganglionic neurons?

Answer 28

1. Sympathetic chain ganglia (both sides of vertebral column) 2. Collateral ganglia (pre-vetebral ganglia) anterior to veterbral bodies 3. The Adrenal Medulla

Question 29

Where are the **neurotransmitters** of sympathetic ganglia in the adrenal medullae released?

Answer 29

into the bloodstream... not a synapse!! allowing them to function as hormones