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Psych 105 > Ch 16-Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Ch 16-Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

abnormal behaviour

A

3 factors:

  • deviance from norms
  • causes significant distress or impairment
  • dysfunctional (on both the biological and psychological fronts)
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2
Q

comorbidity

A

co-occurrence of 2+ disorders in a single individual

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3
Q

vulnerability-stress model

A

suggests that a person might be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

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4
Q

stigmas

A

the assumptions imparted by a label, contribute to why many people do not seek help or treatment

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5
Q

Rosenhan study

A
  • rosenhan and associates went to hospitals pretending they were hearing voices
  • they were given preliminary diagnoses of schizophrenia
  • after admission, they reported that they were no longer hearing the voices
  • it took an average of 19 days for their release bc even medical professionals had a hard time seeing beyond that initial label
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6
Q

competency

A

legal term referring to the state of mind at the time of a judicial hearing (accused needs to be able to understand the nature and consequences of the legal proceedings)

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7
Q

insanity

A

legal term describing the state of mind at the time when the crime was committed (if they weren’t of sound mind at the time of the crime, they lacked the ability to tell what they were doing was wrong)

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8
Q

symptoms of anxiety disorders

A

emotional (tension, apprehension)
physiological (increased HR, muscle tension + autonomic arousal)
cognitive (excessive worry, thoughts about inability to cope)
behavioural (avoid fearful situations, decreased task performance, increase startle response (jumpy))

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9
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • affects ~5% of N. Americans
  • chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3+ characteristic symptoms (restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance)
  • occurs more in socioeconomic status groups
  • tends to develop in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood
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10
Q

phobic disorders

A

marked, persistent and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations
-tend to have high heritability

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11
Q

specific phobia

A

irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function

  • typically falls into one of five categories (animals, natural environments, situations, ‘medical’, or miscellaneous)
  • might have biological basis, or might be learned observationally (having a fear of flying w/o every having done so) or via classical conditioning (like little albert, who was made fearful of fuzzy white things through association w a loud noise)
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12
Q

social phobia

A

irrational fear of being publicly embarrassed/humiliated

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13
Q

preparedness theory

A

asserts that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears (ex. venomous snakes, falling to one’s death)

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14
Q

panic disorder

A

sudden occurrence of multiple psychological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

  • panic attack (trembling, nausea, tight chest, elevated heart rate, fear of death; often mistaken for a heart attack)
  • 2x as common in women
  • moderate heritability
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15
Q

agoraphobia

A

extreme fear of venturing into public places, has high correlation with panic disorder

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16
Q

causes of anxiety disorders

A

biological (vulnerability from overreaction of ANS, overuse of NTs makes the brain overly sensitive or else maybe abnormally low levels of GABA (an inhibitory NT which helps reduce activity in areas responsible for phys arousal))
psych/cog (anxiety as a learned response)
sociocultural (some disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, are culture-bound (differ in prevalence across cultures))

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17
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

fear of gaining wt; restrict food, exercise excessively
more common in females and more prevalent in industrialized nations
-starvation can stop menstruation, harm the heart and weaken bones

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18
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

binge-eating and purging, may use excessive laxatives; can produce gastric problems and tooth erosion from the stomach acid

19
Q

major depressive disorder (unipolar)

A

severely depressed mood that lasts 2+ weeks and is accompanied by feeling of worthlessness, lack of pleasure, lethargy, sleep and appetite disturbances
-DSM-V now includes bereavement as a legitimate cause for this disorder

20
Q

chronic depressive disorder (dysthymia)

A

same symptoms as major depression only less severe, but persisting at least 2 years

21
Q

symptoms of affective/mood disorders

A

emotional (sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to enjoy)
cognitive (negative cognitions about self, world, future)
motivational (loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting anything)
somatic (loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss or gain)

22
Q

double depression

A

moderately depressed move persisting for 2+ years and punctuated by periods of major depression

23
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

24
Q

postpartum depression

A

changes in hormones and NT levels just prior to and following giving birth

25
Q

bipolar disorder

A

cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

  • manic phase characterized by grandiosity, excessive energy, reckless behaviour
  • patients may also experience hallucinations + illusions, leading to false diagnosis of schizophrenia
  • highest heritabilty
  • the specific NTs responsible have yet to be identified
  • seems to be worsened by stress
  • high link with neuroticism and conscientiousness
26
Q

causes of mood/affective disorders (depression and bipolar)

A

biological (high concordance rates suggests strong genetic component; NE, DA and 5-HT (serotonin) amts (underproduction or decreased sensitivity in depression, the opposite in mania))
psych/cog (dysfunctional attitudes, negative mood states, learned helplessness theory, depressive biases in thinking and memory)
sociocultual (prevalence of mood disorders higher in westernized countries (due to it being more accepted to seek help + diagnosis?), higher in women than men (though only really in industrialized countries))

27
Q

somatic symptoms/somatoform disorders

A

physical complaints or disabilities that suggest a medical problem, but have no known biological cause and are not produced voluntarily by the person

28
Q

pain disorder

A

(a somatoform disorder)
-in which ppl experience intense pain that is either out of proportion for their medical condition or for which no physical basis can be found

29
Q

functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)

A

serious neurological symptoms such as paralysis, loss of sensation or blindness suddenly occur without any damage to the sensory or motor pathways within the brain
-was called hysteria in freud’s time (he thought the ego would use these symptoms to prevent the id from acting out on anxieties or to shut down the possibility of experiencing past horrors anew)

30
Q

dissociative disorder

A

normal cognition processes are severely disjointed, leading to disruptions in memory awareness or personality

31
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

presence of 2+ distinct identities that at different times take control on the individual’s behaviour

  • archaically known as multiple personality disorder
  • concern abt faking
  • patients commonly report severe childhood abuse (freud: dissociation as protective)
  • 9x more prevalent in females
32
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

sudden loss of memory for significant personal information

-the amnesia cannot be due to brain damage, drug use, PTSD, etc, only psychological trauma

33
Q

dissociative fugue

A

(a subcategory of dissociative amnesia)

  • sudden loss of memory for one’s personal history accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity
  • often the memory loss is only temporary
  • usually occurs in adulthood but rarely after 50 y/o
  • very rare condition
34
Q

schizophrenia

A

disruption of basic psychological processes, distorted perception of reality, altered/blunted emotion, disturbances in thought, motivation and behaviour
-diagnosis requires 1 month of continuously experiencing 2+ characteristic symptoms (delusion (of grandeur or persecution), hallucination (visual or auditory), disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behaviour (ex. catatonia))

35
Q

type I schizophrenia

A

characterized by positive symptoms (predominance of delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thinking)

  • emergence or presence of new symptoms and abnormal behaviour
  • indvs typically have reasonably good functioning before the breakdown and better prognosis for recovery following it
36
Q

type II schizophrenia

A

negative symptoms (lack of emotional expression, loss of motivation, absence of normal speech, flat affect)

  • absence of normal behaviours
  • indvs usually have a history of dysfunction before hospitalization, have a harder time recovering and poorer prognosis
37
Q

causes of schizophrenia

A

biol (accepted that there is a genetic component; DA hypothesis (from early success treating w tranquilizers which lower DA activity))
psych/cog (freud (extreme regression to avoid overwhelming anxiety), MRI findings show deficits in areas of the frontal lobe, maybe deficit in attention mechanism which would usually filter out irrelevant info)
sociocultural (social causation (ppl w lower income typ. experience more stress, which might make them more susceptible/trigger genetic predisposition), social drift (as ppl develop and display symptoms, normal functioning declines, they may end up losing their jobs))

38
Q

personality disorder

A

deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, relating to others, controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

  • controversial (specific personality traits=disorder?)
  • tricky to diagnose w self-report, peer nomination may be more valid
39
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

pervasive patter of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

  • begins in childhood/early adolescence and continues into adulthood
  • males outnumber females (3:1)
  • indvs have history of misconduct, may commit crimes, are cold-hearted, manipulative, ruthless, but charismatic
  • subsets include sociopathology and psychopathology
  • may have biological cause (less amygdal activation/sensitivity, so less fear response)
40
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

collection of symptoms characterized by serious instability in behaviour, emotion, identity, interpersonal relationships

  • emotional dysregulation (inability to control negative emotions in response to stressful life events, which may even have been caused by the indv themselves)
  • chronic feelings of extreme anger, loneliness, emptiness, maybe even momentary losses of personal identity (?), impulsive behaviour, repetitive self-destructive behaviour, splitting (can’t integrate the +ve and -ve aspects of an indv into a coherent whole, and they behave depending on which half they feel they’re interacting with at the time)
  • caused by chaotic personal histories (abuse, neglect, inconsistent parenting), strife
41
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviours that interfere significantly with and indvs functioning

  • DSM-V no longer lists as an anxiety disorder
  • common obsessions are contamination, aggression, safety, disease or illness
  • more common in women
  • moderate heritability
42
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A

childhood disorder whose symptoms include inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity or a combination thereof

  • boys tend to exhibit aggressiveness and impulsiveness, girls tend to show inattentiveness
  • more diagnoses in boys; concern that girls are just under-diagnosed bc their symptoms tend to be less obvious/evident
  • concerns of over-diagnosis (some ppl who grow out might just be initially misdiagnosed)
43
Q

autistic spectrum disorder

A
  • abnormal/impaired development of communication and social interaction, noticeable restricted reservoir of activities or interests
    symptoms: extreme unresponsiveness, poor verbal skills, highly repetitive and sometimes rigid behaviour (rocking, hitting themselves, snapping), self-destructive behaviour for no evident reason
  • Asperger’s syndrome is a mode form on the autistic spectrum
44
Q

dementia

A
  • gradual loss of cognitive abilities due to gradual atrophy or degeneration of brain as a result of disease or brain injury
  • most profoundly affects memory for recent events
  • senile dementia is a subset that occurs after the age of 65, and is more common in women
  • alzheimer’s is a subset brought on by deterioration of frontal and temporal lobes and the hippocampus, brains have tangles of neurons, plaques, patches of disintegrating nerve cells, and might be brought on by lack of Ach (acetylcholine)

Psych 105 (8 decks)

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