Ch 16 Performance enhancing substances Flashcards
what does ergogenic mean
enhance physical performance
WADA
world anti-doping agency
what do athletes use to try to mask the banned substance frm their urine
diuretics a few days in advance
disadvantage of using diuretics for testing urine
easily detectable
why is a substance or procedure on the WADA list?
meets 2 of the following 3 criteria:
1. it has the potential to enhance or does enhance sport performance
2. it represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete
3. it violates the spirit of sport
t or f: any substance that resembles or has the same effect as something on the WADA list is also prohibited.
TRUE
a ____ substance will always result in a sanction
non-specified
a ___ is a substance which potentially allows, under defined conditions, for a greater reduction of a sanction when an athlete tests positive for that particular substance.
specified substance
purpose of specified substances
to recognize that it is possible for a substance to enter an athlete’s body inadvertently, and therefore allow a tribunal more flexibility when making a sanctioning decision.
new category in the list
substances of abuse
ex: recreational or street drugs
what is TUE
Therapeutic use exemption
do they still test the athletes that have a TUE, why?
they still test them because there is a limit, so there will be sanctions if the drug is above an acceptable level.
sanctioning - anabolic agents
any amount is considered a positive test
sanctioning - hormones and related substances
the levels have to be above normal to be considered a positive test
sanctioning - female hormone
estrogen is not prohibited at any level
blockers of estrogen receptor function are prohibited
inclusions in hormone releasing factors and other substances (4)
erythropoiesis agents
growth hormones
sex hormones
insulin’s
2 hormone antagonists and modulators:
myostatin modulators (inhibitors)
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)
stimulants
most are prohibited in competition
corticosteroids
they are all prohibited systematically
3 prohibited methods
- gene doping/gene editing
- the use of normal or genetically modified cells
- any manipulation of blood (blood doping)
2 methods not necessarily prohibited
- hypoxic chambers
- oxygen supplementation administered by inhalation
2 substances only prohibited in certain sports during competition
alcohol and beta-blockers
ex: sport that require coordination or dangerous sports
substances not prohibited but part of monitoring program:
caffeine
nicotine
phenylephrine (decongestant)
benefit of using stimulants
increases arousal and alertness through stimulation of the central nervous system
benefit of amphetamines for athletes
very small increase in performance but mask the feelings of fatigue even though the body is actually fatigued
signs of amphetamine use
dilated pupils, dry mouth, lip smacking, restlessness, reduced appetite, cramps, weight loss, moody, tremors, argumentative, talktative/rapid speech, anxiety, hallucinations, increased libido
benefit of ephedrine
energy enhancer
increases fat utilization as energy (which spares glycogen)
why is the amount of caffeine higher than indicated in energy drinks?
due to lax food-labelling laws by a disinterested government
how many cups of strong coffee to be over the limit?
6 cups
pharmacokinetics of caffeine?
caffeine is absorbed in the intestinal tract quickly and peak plasma levels in strenuous aerobic activities
effect of caffeine on muscles
it acts directly on muscle to enhance exercise capacity particularly in repeated submaximal muscle actions
metabolic effects of caffeine
increases fat catabolism and reduces carbohydrate oxidation
which form of caffeine is more effective
pill form
mechanism of action of caffeine
enhances motor neuron excitability to facilitate motor neuron unit recruitment by stimulating ion handling in muscles.
androgenic effects are
masculinizing effects
anabolic effects are
growth-effects
can anabolic effects and androgenic effects be seperated
NON
ergogenic effect of human growth hormone
increase muscle size and strength
increase lean body mass due to fat mobilization
controversial
ergogenic effect of stimulants
increases protein synthesis, muscles strength, lean body mass
effective only in previously trained athlete
controversial
beta-2 agonists
all prohibited without a TUE
benefits of beta-2 agonists
reduces protein degradation
increase lean body mass
increase muscle strength
not conclusive in research
benefit of rEPO
increase RBC (hematocrit)
increase oxygen and CO2 carrying capacity
increase endurance in aerobic sports
consequence of use of diuretics on body
increase excretion of sodium and water from kidney to urine, conserves potassium
adverse effects of diuretics
- dehydration
- loss of performance in endurance sports
- electrolyte imbalances (hyperalkemia)
- hypovolemia (low blood volume)
role of anti-inflammatory drugs
prevent the pain and inflammation following an athletic performance or training
