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EXCI 461 > Ch 16 Performance enhancing substances > Flashcards

Ch 16 Performance enhancing substances Flashcards

1
Q

what does ergogenic mean

A

enhance physical performance

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2
Q

WADA

A

world anti-doping agency

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3
Q

what do athletes use to try to mask the banned substance frm their urine

A

diuretics a few days in advance

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4
Q

disadvantage of using diuretics for testing urine

A

easily detectable

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5
Q

why is a substance or procedure on the WADA list?

A

meets 2 of the following 3 criteria:
1. it has the potential to enhance or does enhance sport performance
2. it represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete
3. it violates the spirit of sport

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6
Q

t or f: any substance that resembles or has the same effect as something on the WADA list is also prohibited.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

a ____ substance will always result in a sanction

A

non-specified

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8
Q

a ___ is a substance which potentially allows, under defined conditions, for a greater reduction of a sanction when an athlete tests positive for that particular substance.

A

specified substance

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9
Q

purpose of specified substances

A

to recognize that it is possible for a substance to enter an athlete’s body inadvertently, and therefore allow a tribunal more flexibility when making a sanctioning decision.

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10
Q

new category in the list

A

substances of abuse
ex: recreational or street drugs

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11
Q

what is TUE

A

Therapeutic use exemption

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12
Q

do they still test the athletes that have a TUE, why?

A

they still test them because there is a limit, so there will be sanctions if the drug is above an acceptable level.

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13
Q

sanctioning - anabolic agents

A

any amount is considered a positive test

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14
Q

sanctioning - hormones and related substances

A

the levels have to be above normal to be considered a positive test

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15
Q

sanctioning - female hormone

A

estrogen is not prohibited at any level
blockers of estrogen receptor function are prohibited

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16
Q

inclusions in hormone releasing factors and other substances (4)

A

erythropoiesis agents
growth hormones
sex hormones
insulin’s

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17
Q

2 hormone antagonists and modulators:

A

myostatin modulators (inhibitors)
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)

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18
Q

stimulants

A

most are prohibited in competition

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19
Q

corticosteroids

A

they are all prohibited systematically

20
Q

3 prohibited methods

A
  • gene doping/gene editing
  • the use of normal or genetically modified cells
  • any manipulation of blood (blood doping)
21
Q

2 methods not necessarily prohibited

A
  • hypoxic chambers
  • oxygen supplementation administered by inhalation
22
Q

2 substances only prohibited in certain sports during competition

A

alcohol and beta-blockers
ex: sport that require coordination or dangerous sports

23
Q

substances not prohibited but part of monitoring program:

A

caffeine
nicotine
phenylephrine (decongestant)

24
Q

benefit of using stimulants

A

increases arousal and alertness through stimulation of the central nervous system

25
Q

benefit of amphetamines for athletes

A

very small increase in performance but mask the feelings of fatigue even though the body is actually fatigued

26
Q

signs of amphetamine use

A

dilated pupils, dry mouth, lip smacking, restlessness, reduced appetite, cramps, weight loss, moody, tremors, argumentative, talktative/rapid speech, anxiety, hallucinations, increased libido

27
Q

benefit of ephedrine

A

energy enhancer
increases fat utilization as energy (which spares glycogen)

28
Q

why is the amount of caffeine higher than indicated in energy drinks?

A

due to lax food-labelling laws by a disinterested government

29
Q

how many cups of strong coffee to be over the limit?

A

6 cups

30
Q

pharmacokinetics of caffeine?

A

caffeine is absorbed in the intestinal tract quickly and peak plasma levels in strenuous aerobic activities

31
Q

effect of caffeine on muscles

A

it acts directly on muscle to enhance exercise capacity particularly in repeated submaximal muscle actions

32
Q

metabolic effects of caffeine

A

increases fat catabolism and reduces carbohydrate oxidation

33
Q

which form of caffeine is more effective

A

pill form

34
Q

mechanism of action of caffeine

A

enhances motor neuron excitability to facilitate motor neuron unit recruitment by stimulating ion handling in muscles.

35
Q

androgenic effects are

A

masculinizing effects

36
Q

anabolic effects are

A

growth-effects

37
Q

can anabolic effects and androgenic effects be seperated

A

NON

38
Q

ergogenic effect of human growth hormone

A

increase muscle size and strength
increase lean body mass due to fat mobilization
controversial

39
Q

ergogenic effect of stimulants

A

increases protein synthesis, muscles strength, lean body mass
effective only in previously trained athlete
controversial

40
Q

beta-2 agonists

A

all prohibited without a TUE

41
Q

benefits of beta-2 agonists

A

reduces protein degradation
increase lean body mass
increase muscle strength
not conclusive in research

42
Q

benefit of rEPO

A

increase RBC (hematocrit)
increase oxygen and CO2 carrying capacity
increase endurance in aerobic sports

43
Q

consequence of use of diuretics on body

A

increase excretion of sodium and water from kidney to urine, conserves potassium

44
Q

adverse effects of diuretics

A
  • dehydration
  • loss of performance in endurance sports
  • electrolyte imbalances (hyperalkemia)
  • hypovolemia (low blood volume)
45
Q

role of anti-inflammatory drugs

A

prevent the pain and inflammation following an athletic performance or training

EXCI 461 (6 decks)

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