Ch 14 - Hormones/diabetes

Question 1

2 major thyroid hormones

Answer 1

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

Question 2

Cellular consequence of thyroid hormones

Answer 2

Mitochondria get bigger and increase in number

Question 3

2 types of disease with thyroid gland

Answer 3

Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

Question 4

S/S of hyperthyroidism

Answer 4

High state of excitability
Intolerance to heat
Increased sweating
Mild to extreme weight loss
Muscle weakness
Nervousness
Extreme fatigue
Inability to sleep
Tremor of hands

Question 5

S/S Hypothyroidism

Answer 5

Fatigue
Extreme somnolence
Extreme muscular sluggishness
Slow heart rate
Decreased blood volume and cardiac output
Increased weight
Mental sluggishness
Depressed growth of hair

Question 6

Causes of hyper or hypothryroidism (4)

Answer 6

Autoimmunity
Cancer (tumor)
Diet (lack of iodine)
Genetics (lacking enzymes)

Question 7

What is a goiter

Answer 7

Large protrusions on the neck due to enlarged thyroid gland

Question 8

Are goiters for hypo or hyper

Answer 8

BOTH, but seen more often in hypothyroidism

Question 9

What happens when hypo causes a goiter?

Answer 9

Hypo patients have low thyroid hormones so the body over-produces thyroid stimulating so it tells the thyroid gland to grow bigger and bigger

Question 10

Treatment for hypothyroidism

Answer 10

T3 and T4 drugs exist

Question 11

Adverse effects of T3 and T4 drugs

Answer 11

Similar to hyperthyroidism
Nervoussness
Heart palpitations
Tachycardia
Intolerance to heat
Unexpected weight loss

Question 12

Treatments for hyperthyroidism

Answer 12

Thyroidectomy
Radioactive iodine
Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 13

Goal of birth control hormonal contraceptives

Answer 13

Inhibit ovulation and fertilization

Question 14

2 types of oral birth control

Answer 14

Combined oral contraceptive pill
Regular preventative measure

Question 15

Major side effects of estrogen and progestogen

Answer 15

breast fullness
depression
fluid retention
headache
nausea
vomiting

Question 16

What are SERMs?

Answer 16

Selective estrogen-receptor modulators and they can be agonist or antagonist

Question 17

What is the name of the medication used to treat estrogen-dependent breast cancers?

Answer 17

Tamoxifen

Question 18

What are androgens?

Answer 18

Anabolic steroids that have masculinizing effects

Question 19

Is insulin released on high or low blood glucose?

Answer 19

High levels of glucose in the blood

Question 20

2 major types of diabetes Mellitus

Answer 20

Type 1 and Type 2

Question 21

uncommon type of diabetes

Answer 21

gestational diabetes in pregnant women

Question 22

Pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes (autoimmune)

Answer 22

The beta islet cells of the pancreas get damaged and destroyed by autoimmune disease. Now insulin can not be produced at sufficient levels

Question 23

Which type of diabetes is insulin-dependent?

Answer 23

Type 1

Question 24

Most frequent type of diabetes

Answer 24

Type 2

Question 25

Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes

Answer 25

Genetic factors or bad lifestyle or over weight, the insulin receptors stop working so the pancreas makes extra insulin even though the tissues are insulin resistant.

Question 26

Symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes type 1 and typ e2

Answer 26

polyuria (inc. urine output) polyphagia (inc. app) polydipsia (inc. thirst) unexplained weight loss fatigue blurred vision irritable neuropathy ketosis

Question 27

Name the 4 test used for diagnosis of diabetes

Answer 27

1. glycosylated hemoglobin 2. fasting plasma glucose levels 3. glucose tolerance test 4. symptoms of hyperglycemia

Question 28

Difference between type 1 and type 2 during glucose tolerance test

Answer 28

Type 1 will have low insulin to start with and the level will not really change after the test because the pancreas is not working well Type 2 will have insulin increase a lot during the test, because the pancreas is still working well.

Question 29

Primary methods for non-drug control of type 2 diabetes

Answer 29

Diet and exercise

Question 30

Drug treatments for type 1 diabetes

Answer 30

- rapid acting/short acting - intermediate acting/extended long acting

Question 31

which drug is injected before a meal?

Answer 31

rapid acting/short acting

Question 32

Which drug is called the "basal injection" - a sort of maintenance dose?

Answer 32

Intermediate acting/extended long acting

Question 33

If hypoglycemia occurs after the insulin injection, what to do?

Answer 33

immediate source of sugar if unconscious = hospital for glucagon injection or parenteral glucose

Question 34

complications of insulin:

Answer 34

weight gain allergy to medecine lipohypertrophy (lump at site of injection)

Question 35

drug treatments for type 2 diabetes

Answer 35

- insulin secretagogues - biguanides - insulin sensitizers - alpha-glucosidase inhibitors - insulin

Question 36

consequence of insulin secretatogues

Answer 36

cause pancreas to secrete more insulin

Question 37

consequence of biguanides

Answer 37

reduces release of glucose from the liver

Question 38

consequence of insulin sensitizers

Answer 38

make tissue more able to use glucose

Question 39

Goal for treating type 2 diabetes (AIC levels)

Answer 39

Lower you AIC to 7% within 6-12 months

Question 40

goal for blood glucose values before meals =

Answer 40

4 to 7 mmol/L

Question 41

goal for blood glucose values 2h after a meal =

Answer 41

5 to 10 mmol/L