Ch 16 Applications of Neutralization Titrations

Question 1

are widely used to determine the concentration of acidic or basic
analytes or analytes that can be converted to acids or bases by suitable treatment.

Answer 1

Neutralization titrations

Question 2

is the usual solvent for neutralization titrations because it is convenient, inexpensive,
and nontoxic.

Answer 2

Water

Question 3

is the most frequently used reagent for standardizing acids. Several
other reagents are also used.

Answer 3

Sodium carbonate

Question 4

is the most common base for preparing standard solutions,
although potassium hydroxide and barium hydroxide are also used

Answer 4

Sodium hydroxide

Question 5

Name primary standards are available for standardizing bases

Answer 5

Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
Benzoic acid
Potassium hydrogen iodate

Question 6

The most common method for determining organic nitrogen is the __________, which is based on a neutralization titration

Answer 6

Kjeldahl
method

Question 7

a reagent containing copper(II) ions is used, and a violet colored complex is formed
between the Cu21 ions and peptide bonds. The increase in the absorption of visible
radiation is used to measure serum protein

Answer 7

biuret method,

Question 8

the serum sample is pretreated with an alkaline copper solution
followed by a phenolic reagent

Answer 8

Lowry method

Question 9

the sample is mixed with powdered copper(II) oxide and ignited in a combustion tube to give carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, and small amounts
of nitrogen oxides. A

Answer 9

Dumas method,

Question 10

Name methods for the determination of organic nitrogen

Answer 10

Kjeldahl
Biuret
Lowry
Dumas

Question 11

occurs in a wide variety of substances of interest in the life sciences, in industry, and in agriculture. Examples include amino acids, proteins, synthetic drugs, fertilizers, explosives, soils, potable water supplies, and dyes

Answer 11

Nitrogen

Question 12

In th3 determination of _____, organic and biological materials is conveniently determined by burning
the sample in a stream of oxygen.

Answer 12

Sulfur

Question 13

Various inorganic species namely,______, can be determined by titration with strong acids or bases

Answer 13

Ammonium salts
Nitrates and nitrites
Carbonate

Question 14

Species transformation in Kjeldahl

Answer 14

Nitrogen species from the sample > ammonium ions > ammonia

Question 15

Trace the determination of sulfur using titration method

Answer 15

Sulfur in sample is determined by burning
the sample in a stream of oxygen. The sulfur dioxide (as well as the sulfur trioxide)
formed is collected via distillation with diluted hydrogen peroxide. The sulfuric acid is then titrated with standard base

Question 16

Trace the determination of ammonium salts using titration method

Answer 16

conversion to ammonia with
strong base followed by distillation. The ammonia is collected and titrated as in the
Kjeldahl method

Question 17

Trace the determination of nitrate and nitrite using titration method

Answer 17

The nitrate and nitrite ions in a sample are first reduced to ammonium ion by
reaction with an alloy of 50% Cu, 45% Al, and 5% Zn(Devarda’s alloy). Traces of the alloy are introduced into a strongly alkaline solution of the sample and the ammonia is distilled after reaction is complete, then titrated

Question 18

How are carbonates and hydroxide determine?

Answer 18

Winkler method

Question 19

Elucidate wrinkler method

Answer 19

The carbonate/hydroxide mixtures are titrated with standard acid to the endpoint with an acid-range indicator. Carbonate ion is then precipitated from the mixture by adding barium chloride, following which the hydroxide
ion is titrated to a phenolphthalein end point.

Question 20

Organic Functional Groups that can be determine using the neutralization titration

Answer 20

Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acid Groups
Amine
Ester
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl

Question 21

Trace the determination of carboxylic group using titration method

Answer 21

the acid is not soluble in water so it needs to be dissolved in ethanol and titrated with aqueous base OR
the acid can be dissolved in an
excess of standard base followed by back-titration with standard acid.

Question 22

Trace the determination of sulfonic group using titration method

Answer 22

Sulfonic acids are generally strong acids that easily dissolve in water. Direct titration
with standard base can be used for the determination

Question 23

The ______________of a participant
in a neutralization reaction is the mass that reacts with or supplies one mole of protons in a particular reaction.

Answer 23

equivalent mass

Question 24

Trace the determination of amine group using titration method

Answer 24

Aliphatic amines generally have base dissociation constants on the order of 10^-5 and can be titrated directly with a solution of strong acid.

Question 25

Trace the determination of ester group using titration method

Answer 25

Via saponification. Typically, the ester is refluxed with standard 0.5 M KOH for 1 to 2 hours. After cooling, the excess base is titrated with standard acid.

Question 26

is the process by which an ester is hydrolyzed in alkaline solution to give an alcohol and a conjugate base.

Answer 26

Saponification

Question 27

Trace the determination of hydroxyl group using titration method

Answer 27

Hydroxyl groups in organic compounds can be determined by esterification with various carboxylic acid anhydrides or chlorides.

Question 28

Trace the determination of carbonyl group using titration method

Answer 28

Many aldehydes and ketones can be determined with a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride.. The liberated HCl is titrated with base.

Question 29

Elucidate The Determination of Salts using titration

Answer 29

The salt is converted to an equivalent amount of an acid or base by passing a solution containing the salt through a column packed with an ion-exchange resin.