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IMAG 301- Positioning Princ. I > CH. 16 Abdomen > Flashcards

CH. 16 Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following might be used to demonstrate a pneumoperitoneum?

A. upright, AP projection
B. Left lateral decubitus
C. Dorsal decubitus
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the Above!

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2
Q

What are the membranes that line the wall of the Abdomen?

A

Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum

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3
Q

What two layers consist of the Peritoneum?

A

Visceral and Parietal

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4
Q

What cavity is postrior to the Peritoneum?

A

Retroperitoneum

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5
Q

What two organs lie in the space of the Retroperitoneum?

A

Kidneys and pancreas

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6
Q

What do you want to see in an Abdominal Image, High contrast or Moderate contrast?

A

Moderate Contrast

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7
Q

What are some Radiation Protection procedures regarding Abdominal Images?

A
  • Shielding pediatric patients & patients of reproductive age
  • Close collimation
  • Optimum technique factors
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8
Q

Essential Projections for Abdomen

A
  • AP supine and upright positions
  • PA upright position
  • Lateral
  • Lateral, R or L dorsal decubitus position
  • AP/Lateral Decubitus
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9
Q

What positions does the 3-way abdomen or acute abdominal series consist of?

A
  • Ap supine
  • AP upright
  • PA Chest
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10
Q

What is another common request for Abdomen procedures?

A

Two-view abdomen series consisting of AP supine and AP upright

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11
Q

If a patient can not stand for an upright position, what do you do?

A

Position patient in Left lateral Decubitus

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12
Q

AP Supine is often referred to as what?

A

KUB

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13
Q

What does KUB stand for?

A

Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladdar

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14
Q

Positioning for AP Abdomen supine

A

Supine, without rotation and support knees to reduce strain of back

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15
Q

Where is the IR centered for AP supine?

A

Centered at the level of iliac crests (check that pubic symphysis is included)

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16
Q

How is the CR in relation to the IR in an AP supine position?

A
  • CR is perpendicular to the IR
  • Enters patient on MSP at level of iliac crests
  • MSP is perpendicular and MCP is parallel
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17
Q

How can you tell if pubic symphysis is included in an AP supine?

A

Feel for Greater Trochanter; this is in alignment w. the pubic symphysis

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18
Q

Mesentery and Omentum (folds)

A

The folds of the peritoneum that function to support the viscera of the abdomen in position

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19
Q

To which level of the patient should the CR be centered for the KUB?

A

iliac crests

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20
Q

For the AP upright abdomen image of an adult of average size, why should the centering be slightly higher than the centering level used for the supine KUB image?

A

To include the diaphragm

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21
Q

Why is it desirable to include the diaphragm in the upright Abdomen image?

A

To demonstrate free air in the abdomen

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22
Q

Which projection does not demonstrate free air levels within the abdomen?

a. AP supine
b. AP upright
c. Lateral, dorsal decubitus
d. AP, left lateral decubitus

A

a. AP supine

23
Q

What is the major advantage of the PA projection of the abdomen over the AP projection of the abdomen?

A

PA projection reduces the exposure to the gonads

24
Q

What is pneumoperitoneum?

A

Presence of air in the peritoneal cavity

25
Q

Where do you center the IR for Decubitus position?

A

2 in. above iliac crest

26
Q

where do you center the IR for Upright positiono?

A

2 in. above iliac crest

27
Q

What does a three-way abdomen (acute abdominal) series demonstrate in the abdomen?

A

Abdominal contents, presence of free air, and air fluid levels

28
Q

Why would a 3 Abdominal series be ordered?

A

To evaluate bowel gas or to rule out free air, bowl obstruction, and infection in abdomen

29
Q

How can you evaluate rotation on a KUB?

A

AP ABDOMEN SUPINE

  1. Alae or wings of the ilia should be symmetric.
  2. If seen, ischial spines of the pelvis should be symmetric
  3. Spinous processes should be in the center of the lumbar vertebrae.
30
Q

How can you evaluate rotation on a KUB?

A

AP ABDOMEN SUPINE

  1. Alae or wings of the ilia should be symmetric.
  2. If seen, ischial spines of the pelvis should be symmetric
  3. Spinous processes should be in the center of the lumbar vertebrae.
31
Q

Patient position for AP upright

A
  • Standing upright, w. back in contact w. vertical grid
  • MSP centered to grid
  • weight distributed equally on both feet
32
Q

If you need to include the bladdar in an AP upright position, where do you center the IR?

A

Center IR to the iliac crest

33
Q

When is PA done instead of AP?

A

When thinking about dose; when trying to minimize dose thyroid, breasts, etc.

34
Q

Left Lateral Decubitus Position

A
  • Performed in place of upright position for patients who are too ill to stand
  • Patient in recumbent left lateral
  • Arms up and out of the way
  • Knees bent
  • Center iliac crests to IR or 2 in above
35
Q

CR alignment for Left Lateral Decubitus

A

Directed Horizontal and perpendicular to center of IR

-MSP is perpendicular to IR and MCP is parallel

36
Q

Lateral Abdomen Patient Position

A
  • Recumbent right or left lateral
  • knees bent to increase stability and comfort
  • bent elbows and place hands under head
37
Q

Where is IR centered in the Lateral Abdomen?

A

At level of iliac crests or 2 in above if diaphragm is included

38
Q

CR for Lateral Abdomen

A
  • Perpendicular to IR
  • Enters on MCP at level of crest or 2 in above crests
  • -MSP parallel to IR and MCP is perpendicular
39
Q

What position is used if patient cannot stand or lie on their side?

A

Lateral Abdomen, Dorsal Decubitus

40
Q

Describe Lateral Dorsal Decubitus

A
  • Patient lies on
  • horizontal x-ray beam
  • Arms crossed on upper chest or behind head
  • Support knees for comfort
  • Center 2 in above iliac crests to IR
41
Q

CR for Lateral Abdomen, Dorsal decubitus

A
  • Horizontal and perpendicular to center of IR
  • MSP is parallel to IR and MCP is perpendiculara
  • Enters MCP at 2 in above iliac crests
42
Q

Image evaluation of AP Supine

A
  • Evidence of proper collimation

- Area from pubic symphysis to the upper abdomen

43
Q

How to identify proper alignment for AP supine?

A
  • Centered vertebral column

- Ribs, pelvis, and hips equidistant to the edge of image

44
Q

What is pneumoperitoneum?

A

abnormal presence of air or other gas in the peritoneal cavity

45
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed in a double-walled seromembranous sac called ….

A

the peritoneum

46
Q

What are the tissue structures that are used to determine effective technique?

A

Lower liver border, psoas muscles, kidneys, ribs, and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

47
Q

What positions have the CR directed horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR?

A
  • Lateral, dorsal decubitus

- Left lateral decubitus

48
Q

What position has the CR horizontal and 2 in. above the iliac crest?

A
  • AP upright
  • PA upright
  • Dorsal Decubitus
  • Left Lateral Decubitus
49
Q

How is the CR displayed in relation to the IR in an AP supine position?

A

CR is perpendicular to the IR at level of iliac crests

-MSP is perpendicular and MCP is parallel

50
Q

How is the CR displayed in relation to the IR in a PA upright?

A

CR is directed horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR
-MSP is perpendicular and MCP is parallel

51
Q

How is the CR displayed in relation to the IR in a Lateral Projection?

A

Perpendicular to the IR and entering the MCP plane at iliac crest level or 2 in. above iliac crest level
-MSP is parallel to IR and MCP is perpendicular

52
Q

How is the CR displayed in relation to the IR in a Dorsal Decubitus position?

A

CR is directted horizontally and perpendicular to the center of the CR.
-MSP is parallel to IR and MCP is perpendicular

53
Q

In an acute abdomen series (three-way seriess), what image should be substituted for the upright abdomen radiograph when the patient is unable to stand?

A

Left lateral decubitus

IMAG 301- Positioning Princ. I (8 decks)

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