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IMAG 301- Positioning Princ. I > Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Ethics

A

Moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct toward others

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2
Q

Image Receptors

A

The device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of IR’s

A
  • Cassette w/ film
  • Photostimulable storage phosphor image plate (PSP IP)
  • Solid-state digital radiography
  • Fluoroscopic image receptor
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4
Q

Digital Radiography

A
  • Brightness of displayed image

- primarily controlled by rescaling

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5
Q

Screen-film Radiography

A
  • Optical density (overall blackening of film)

- Controlled by mA, Exposure time (sec), and milliampere-seconds (mAs)

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6
Q

What is Contrast?

A

Differences in adjacent densities (low/high)

  • Controlled by bit depth in digital radiography
  • Controlled by kVp in screen-film radiography
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7
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

Ability to visualize small strucutres (recorded detail)

- Controlled by IP phosphor, geometry, distance, film, focal spot size, etc.

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8
Q

Distortion

A

Misrepresentation of the size or shape of a structure

- Shape distortion controlled by: alignment, central ray, anatomic part, IR, and angulation

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9
Q

Magnification is what?

A

A size distortion

  • present in all images
  • controlled by OID and SID
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10
Q

Which positions are radiographs usually viewed?

A

In anatomic position

**Exception: Hands, wrists, feet, and toes

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11
Q

Radiographer is responsible for what?

A
  • Patient care during an image procedure
  • Obtaining patient’s clinical history
    (verify correct procedure ordered, observe conditions)
  • Keeping room clean
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12
Q

What tasks are involved in Infection Control?

A
  • Handwashing
  • using appropriate and required protection when there are infectious organisms in close contact
  • Protecting IR from body fluids
  • Clean IRs and equip regularly
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of motion?

A

Involuntary, Voluntary, and Equipment

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14
Q

Involuntary Motion

A

Caused by: heartbeat, chills, peristalsis, tremor, spasm, and pain
Primary control: Use short exposure time

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15
Q

Voluntary Motion

A

Lack of control of voluntary motion caused by: nervousness, discomfort, excitability, mental illness, fear, age, and breathing

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16
Q

How do you control Voluntary Motion?

A
  • Giving clear instructions
  • Providing patient comfort
  • Adjusting support devices
  • Applying immobilization
  • Decreasing exposure time
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17
Q

Image ID Contains what?

A

Date, Patient’s name and ID #, Right or left side marker, Institution identity

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18
Q

When are side markers usually put on an image ?

A

During the procedure by the technologist

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19
Q

What are the 3 general IR positions?

A

Longitudinal, horizontal, corner-to-corner

-Position name based on IR relation to long axis of body

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20
Q

Central Ray Direction

A

CR always centered to IR (unless IR placement is being used)

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21
Q

Source-Image Receptor Distance

A

The distance from the anode inside the x-ray tube (source) to the IR
-Abbreviation SID

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22
Q

What does SID affect?

A
  • Magnification
  • Spatial resolution
  • patient dose
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23
Q

What needs to be on every radiographic image?

A

Side markers (right or left)

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24
Q

Longer SID reduces What?

A

magnification

25
Q

Longer SID increases what?

A

spatial resolution

26
Q

What is Collimation?

A

Restriction of the x-ray beam to only the anatomy of interest

27
Q

What are the shielding guidelines for gonads?

A

Shield if

  • gonads lie within or close to x-ray field
  • clinical objective is not comprised
  • patient has reasonable reproductive potential
28
Q

What pathologic conidtions/diseases require a decrease in technique?

A
  • Old age
  • Pneumothorax
  • Emphysema
  • Emaciation
  • Degenerative arthritis
  • Atrophy
29
Q

What pathologic conditions/diseases require an increase in technique?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Pleural effusion
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Enlarged Heart
  • Edema
  • Ascites
30
Q

What needs to be cleaned after every patient?

A

The IR; must keep IR clear of any body fluids

31
Q

What are IP phosphors sensitive to?

A

Hypersensitive when split cassette technique is used

- more sensitive to scatter radiation

32
Q

What should be in every x-ray room as well as on mobile machines?

A

Technique charts

33
Q

What is on a technique chart?

A

Specific projections performed in the room and also includes exposure factors for each projection

34
Q

What is key in all imaging procedures

A

Communication!

-Empathetic communication is essential

35
Q

What is most effective when imaging patients that are obese?

A

Locating the jugular notch

36
Q

What are a few primary factors when incorporting exposure techniques during a procedure?

A

-mAs, kVp, Grid, IR or collimated field dimensions, SID, etc.

37
Q

What is sterilization

A

Destruction or killing of all microorganisms

38
Q

What are two main purposes collimation serves for?

A
  • Minimizes patient exposure

- Reduces scatter radiation

39
Q

What is the IR in Computed Radiography (Digital Imaging)?

A

In Computed Radiography, the IR is an imaging plate (IP) composed of a phosphor plate
-Image is displayed on a monitor

40
Q

What type of Imaging uses solid-state Image Receptors?

A

Digital Radiography (DR)

41
Q

Attention to detail is key to quality of what?

A

Digital Imaging (DR)

42
Q

What is not essential to image quality in Digital Radiography?

A

Optimum kVp

*slightly higher kVp yields better image than slightly lower kVp

43
Q

What are exposure numbers used to determine in Digital Radiography?

A

Whether an image is within quality range

44
Q

What is effective when trearing obsese patients?

A
  • Locating jugular notch
  • Making sure the table can support their weight
  • providing support and assistance to maximize patient comfort and security
45
Q

What is Contrast Resolution?

A

Contrast Resolution applies to digital imaging systems, a wide range of contrast levels is produced among various radiographic exams performed.
-controlled by bit dedpth

46
Q

What does Long scale mean regarding Contrast?

A

It means that the Image has low contrast

47
Q

What does Short scale mean regarding Contrast?

A

It means that the Image has high contrast

48
Q

What are the 6 factors that control Spatial Resolution?

A
  1. IP phosphor (digital)
  2. Flat panel detector
  3. Motion
  4. Distance
  5. Geometry
  6. Focal spot size
49
Q

What 5 factors control Shape Distortion of a body part?

A
  1. Alignment
  2. Angulation
  3. Central Ray
  4. IR
  5. Anatomic part
50
Q

List 3 ways a patient’s colon may be cleansed for an abdominal examination.

A

-Limited diet, laxatives, and enemas

51
Q

The rhythmic motion of smooth muscle structures is called what?

A

Peristalsis

52
Q

What is OID?

A

Object-to-Image Receptor Distance

-how far the body part is from the IR

53
Q

What is SID?

A

Source-to-Image Receptor Distance

-how far the x-ray tube is from the IR

54
Q

What exam will give the highest dose to a female?

A

Lumbar Spine Exam : Exposure of 4 mGy

55
Q

What exam will give the highest dose to male?

A

Pelvis Exam: Exposure of 3 mGy

56
Q

How are extremity images viewed?

A

With digits facing upwarad

57
Q

Low contrast images usually display many or few density levels?

A

Many density levels

58
Q

High Contrast images usually display many or few density levels?

A

Few density levels

59
Q

Optical Density (OD)

A

The degree of blackening when associated w. radiographic film and as brightness when appearance on a digital display monitor is described

IMAG 301- Positioning Princ. I (8 decks)

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