Ch. 15 Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Psychopathology
Mental illness
Demonic model
View of mental illness in which behaving oddly, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
Medical model
View of mental illness as a result of a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
Moral treatment
Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illnesses
Deinstitutionalization
The government policy of the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals
Community and mental health centers and halfway houses
Free or low cost facilities in which people can obtain treatment
Psychiatric diagnoses across cultures
Psychiatric diagnosis are shaped not only by history but also by culture
Cultural universality
Many mental disorders appear to exist in most and perhaps all cultures
According to robins and Guze, a valid diagnosis:
- Distinguishes that diagnosis from other similar ones
- Predicts diagnosed individuals performance on lab test
- Predicts diagnoses individuals family history of psychiatric disorders.
- Predicts diagnosed individuals natural history- that is what tends to happen to them over time
Labeling theorists
Scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviors
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) or DSM 5 pg. 582- 583
Diagnostic system containing the American psychiatric association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
Prevalence
Percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder
Comorbidity
Co occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person. Ex: people with major depression meet criteria for one or more anxiety disorders
Categoric model
Model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree. Ex: major depression is present or not. No in between
Dimensional model
Model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind
Research domain criteria
A recently launched program of research designed to classify mental disorders in terms of deficits in brain circuitry
Medical student syndrome
Pg. 586
Involuntary commitment
Procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or another facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others or their inability to care for themselves
Somatic symptom disorder
Condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin
Illness anxiety disorder
Condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness
Generalized anxiety disorder(GAD)
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
Panic attack
Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light headedness, racing heart beat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy
Panic disorder
Repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them
Phobia
Intense fear of an object or a situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
Specific phobias
Phobias of objects, places, or situations
Social anxiety disorder
Intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
Obsessive Compulsive disorder- pg. 593
Condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour a day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
Obsession
Persistent idea, thought, or urge that is unwanted causing marked distress
Compulsions
Repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress
Body dysmorphic disorder
People become preoccupied with imagined or slight defects in their appearance, such as lips being too thin or too big.
Tourette’s disorder
Condition marked by repeated automatic behaviors- motor tics like twitching and facial grimacing and vocal tics like grunting and throat clearing.
Catastrophizing: fears are learned
When they predict terrible events despite low probability
Anxiety sensitivity
A fear of anxiety related sensations.
Anxiety: biological influences
Genetically influenced. Particular genes influence people’s level of neuroticism- tendency to be high strung, guilt prone, and irritable- which can set the stage for excessive worry
Major depressive episode
State in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
Depression and life events
Stressful life events correlated to depression. Crucial determinant of whether we’ll become depressed is whether we’ve lost or about to lose something we value dearly.
Interpersonal model of depression pg. 598
When people become depressed they seek excessive reassurance which in turn leads to others to dislike and reject them which makes their depression worse. Vicious cycle
Behavioral model: depression as a loss of reinforcement pg. 599
Depression results from a low rate of response contingent positive reinforcement
Cognitive model of depression
Depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
Learned helplessness
Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control
Depression the role of biology
Pg. 600- 601
Manic episode
Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior.
Bipolar disorder
Condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
Suicide
Pg. 602-603
Personality disorder
Condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment
Borderline personality disorder (explanations on pg. 605-606
Condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control.
Antisocial personality disorder
Condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible or illegal actions.
Psychopathic personality pg. 606
Marked by a distinctive set of personality traits. Marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self centeredness, and risk taking
Depersonalization/ derealization disorder pg. 608
Condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
Dissociative amnesia
Inability to recall important personal info most often related to a stressful experience- that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
Dissociative fugue
Sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace accompanied by amnesia for significant life events
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behavior
Schizophrenia
Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality. Pg. 611 consists of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
Delusion
Strongly held fixed belief that has no basis in reality
Psychotic symptom
Psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
Hallucinations
Sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus
Catatonic symptom
Motor problem, including holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, curling up in a fetal position and resisting simple suggestions to move
Schizophrenia biology
Pg.615-616
Diathesis stress model
Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Childhood condition marked by excessive in attention, impulsivity, and activity
