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SEM 301 > Ch. 15 - Organizational Culture & Change > Flashcards

Ch. 15 - Organizational Culture & Change Flashcards

1
Q

Organizational Culture

A

The shared social knowledge within an organization regarding the rules, norms, and values that shape the attitudes and behaviours of its employees

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2
Q

How do employees learn the most important aspects of an organization’s culture?

A

Through other employees

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3
Q

What are the 3 major components to an organization’s culture?

A

Observable artifacts
Espoused values
Basic underlying assumptions

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4
Q

True or False: Organizational culture usually aligns with the company’s mission statement.

A

False
Organizational culture often does NOT match with the company’s mission

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5
Q

Observable artifacts

A

Aspects of an organization’s culture that employees and outsiders can easily see or talk about

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6
Q

What are the six major types of observable artifacts?

A

Symbols
Physical Structures
Language
Stories
RItuals
Ceremonies

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7
Q

Symbols (Observable Artifact)

A

The images an organization uses, which generally convey messages

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8
Q

Physical Structures (Observable Artifact)

A

The organization’s buildings and internal office designs

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9
Q

Language (Observable Artifact)

A

The jargon, slang, and slogans used within an organization

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10
Q

Stories (Observable Artifact)

A

Anecdotes, accounts, legends, and myths passed down from cohort to cohort within an organization. Helps educate employees about an organization’s culture

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11
Q

Rituals (Observable Artifact)

A

The daily or weekly planned routines that occur in an organization

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12
Q

Ceremonies (Observable Artifact)

A

Formal events, generally performed in front of an audience of organizational members. These events recognize employees for their accomplishments.

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13
Q

Espoused Values

A

The beliefs, philosophies, and norms that a company explicitly states. Can range from published documents (eg. a company’s vision or mission statement) to verbal statements made to employees by executives and managers

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14
Q

What is the difference between espoused values and enacted values?

A

Espoused values are values a company claims to be important, while enacted values are the values that are actually important to a company based on their decision-making and behaviour

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15
Q

Basic underlying assumptions about organizational culture

A

Taken-for-granted beliefs and philosophies that are so ingrained that employees simply act on them rather than questioning the validity of their behaviour in a given situation

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16
Q

What is the most long-lasting and difficult aspect of organizational culture to change

A

Basic underlying assumptions

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17
Q

What two dimensions are used to divide different organizational cultures?

A

Solidarity
Sociability

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18
Q

Solidarity

A

The degree to which group members think and act alike

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19
Q

Sociability

A

How friendly employees are to one another

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20
Q

What are the general types that can be used to describe an organization’s culture

A

Fragmented Culture
Networked Culture
Mercenary Culture
Communal Culture

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21
Q

Fragmented Culture

A

An organizational culture type in which employees are distant and disconnected from one another (low solidarity, low sociability)

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22
Q

Networked Culture

A

An organizational culture type in which employees are friendly to one another, but everyone thinks differently and does work on their own (low solidarity, high sociability)

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23
Q

Mercenary Culture

A

An organizational culture type in which employees think alike but are not friendly to one another (high solidarity, low sociability)

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24
Q

Communal Culture

A

An organizational culture type in which employees are friendly to one another and all think alike

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25
Small organizations tend to have ___________ cultures. As companies grow, they might move toward a _____________ culture, because solidarity is harder to foster when groups get large.
1st Blank: Communal 2nd Blank: Networked
26
What are the specific culture types that can be used to describe an organization's culture?
Customer Service Culture Safety Culture Diversity Culture Sustainability Culture Creativity Culture
27
How do organizations achieve different specific culture types?
Organizations manipulate observable artifacts and espoused values to create specific cultures that help them achieve their goals
28
Customer Service Culture
A specific culture type focused on service quality. Shown to change employee attitudes and behaviours toward customers. These changes result in higher levels of customer satisfaction and sales
29
Safety Culture
A specific culture type focused on the safety of employees. Especially prevalent in environments where the risk of accidents or injuries is very high
30
Diversity Culture
A specific culture type focused on fostering or taking advantage of a diverse group of employees. These organizations leverage the talents of their diverse employees
31
Sustainability Culture
A specific culture type focused on promoting sustainability both inside and outside of the organization. Helps recruit top talent as the culture resonates with many job applicants
32
Creativity Culture
A specific culture type focused on fostering a creative atmosphere
33
Culture Strength
The degree to which employees agree about how things should happen within the organization and behave accordingly
34
What are some characteristics of companies with strong culture strength?
Strong culture unites and directs employees Takes time to develop and is very difficult to change Can have both positive and negative effects
35
What are the advantages of a strong organizational culture?
Differentiates the organization from others Allows employees to identify themselves with the organization Facilitates desired behaviours among employees Creates stability within the organization
36
What are the disadvantages of a strong organizational culture?
Makes merging with another organization more difficult Attracts and retains similar kinds of employees limiting the diversity of thought Can create extreme behaviours among employees Makes adapting to the environment more difficult
37
Subcultures
Cultures created within small subsets of the organization's employees
38
How do subcultures form?
Subcultures may form under a strong leader in one area of the company or because different divisions act independently
39
Countercultures
Subcultures whose values do not match those of the organization. May signal a need for change within the organization
40
Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA) Framework
Theory that employees will be drawn to organizations with cultures that match their personality (attraction), and organizations will select employees that match (selection), and employees will leave or be forced to leave when they are not a good fit (attrition)
41
Socialization
The primary process by which employees learn the social knowledge that enables them to understand and adapt to the organization's culture
42
True or False: The socialization process ends once an employee has been working in an organization for a year
False Socialization does not end until the employee leaves the organization
43
What are the stages in the socialization process?
Anticipatory Stage Encounter Stage Understanding and Adaptation
44
Anticipatory Stage
A stage of socialization that occurs before employment. Begins as soon as a potential employee develops an image of what it would be like to work for a company
45
Encounter Stage
A stage of socialization that begins the day an employee starts work. The employee compares the information as an outsider to the information learned as an insider
46
Reality Shock
A mismatch of information that occurs when an employee finds that aspects of working at a company are not what they expected them to be
47
What is the goal of an organization's socialization efforts?
To minimize reality shock as much as possible
48
Understanding and Adaptation
The final stage of socialization, during which newcomers come to learn the content areas of socialization and internalize the norms and expected behaviours of the organization
49
What are the four questions organizations need to answer successfully for effective organizational change?
1. Is there a need to change? (Analysis & Diagnosis) 2. What conditions might help or hinder change efforts? (Understanding & Managing Resistance) 3. How appropriate are the change interventions? 4. Was the change effort successful?
50
Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI)
A structured diagnostic tool used to describe and categorize corporate cultures
51
Clan-Oriented Culture
A very personal place, like an extended family. Characterized by mentoring, nurturing, and participation
52
Adhocracy-Oriented Culture
Dynamic and entrepreneurial, people take risks. Characterized by value innovation and entrepreneurship
53
Hierarchically-Oriented Culture
Favours structure and control. Characterized by coordination, efficiency, and stability
54
Market-Oriented Culture
Results-oriented, getting the job done. Characterized by competition and achievement
55
Resistance
The deliberate act of opposing or withstanding change
56
How can employees express resistance?
Lower task performance Lower levels of citizenship behaviour Elevated counterproductive behaviour Increased withdrawal
57
What are the types of change interventions used by organizations?
Selection Training Performance Management Changes in Leadership Mergers & Acquisitions
58
Selection
The process of choosing people who have the right mix of knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes to fit the desired culture
59
Training
Helping employees and managers acquire new knowledge, skills, and competencies needed to support a desired culture
60
Performance Management
Measuring and motivating job behaviours that support a desired culture
61
Changes in Leadership
A new leader signals to others what is important and how to behave. New leaders often have different expectations of their employees compared to past leaders.
62
Mergers & Acquisitions
Combining companies with distinct cultures to create a new desired culture (where the best of both companies is represented)
63
Person-organization fit
The degree to which a person's personality and values match the culture of an organization
64
Realistic Job Previews (RJPs)
The process of ensuring that a prospective employee understands both the positive and negative aspects of the jobs. Occur during the anticipatory stage of socialization, during the recruitment process
65
Orientation Programs
A common form of training during which new hires learn more about the organization
66
Mentoring
The process by which a junior-level employee develops a deep and long-lasting relationship with a more senior-level employee within the organization
67
What is the relationship between person-organization fit and job performance?
Weak positive relationship
68
What is the relationship between person-organization fit and organizational commitment?
Strong positive relationship

SEM 301 (15 decks)

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