ch 15 emerging and reemerging disease Flashcards
factors that influence the emergence/reemergence of infectious disease are multiple, complex, and interrelated
TRUE
emerging infectious disease
a newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease or reappearance (reemergence) of a known infectious disease after its decline with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area or in a specific population (measles is a recent example)
13 factors that effect the emergence
microbial changes (mutation of disease), human susceptibility, climate, change in the ecosystem, human demographics, economic development, travel, technology/industry, breakdown of public health measures (lack of prevention), poverty, war, lack of political will, intent to harm (bioterrorism-CRISPR engineered virus)
factors- microbial adaption/change
antigenic drift (slow); antigenic shift (sudden)
three stages of microbial adaption
- epidemic (no exposure few defenses)
- has survivors left with improved defenses -becomes endemic
- symbiosis if possible mutation tolerance and mutual benefits for both microorganisms and host-preferred outcome
factors- human susceptibility
middle age with no previous health issues -small illness
elderly with multiple comorbidities- severe illness
epidemics and pandemics cause sudden/intense demands on healthcare systems
TRUE
endemic causes long-term demands on the healthcare system
TRUE
recent emerging/reemerging infectious diseases
SARS 1- early 2000s covid (got vaccine research
SARS- COV-2- 2019-20
MERS- CoV
avian influenza
swine influenza
ebola (endemic now??)
zika (danger to fetus)
reemerging vaccine-preventable disease
measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis (increase in occurrence due to decrease in vaccination by vaccine hesitancy)
antibiotic resistance microorganism
DONT overuse antibiotics
urgent threats (c.difficile, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Let virus run its course
in addition to morbidity and mortality outbreaks of emerging and reemerging infections can disrupt economic activity and development
TRUE
KEY CONCEPTS:
Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious disease are multiple, complex, and interrelated.
Several outbreaks and pandemics occurred from the 1918 to 1919 pandemic.
In addition to morbidity and mortality, pandemics disrupt social and economic activity.
NPIs prevent the transmission of novel pathogens when no vaccines are available.
Arthropod-borne infections are prevalent in the US
CDC’s public health response to Zika is to protect against pregnant people due to the risks associated with Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
The COVID pandemic lasted more than 2 years.
The US had the most cases and deaths from COVID-19 infections worldwide.
Vaccine hesitancy became a major issue in the transmission and control of COVID-19.
o Delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services.
o Dangers to individuals and communities, because exposure to a contagious disease places people at risk, and individuals are far more likely to spread the disease to others if they are not vaccinated.
Microbial adaptation and change have occurred in the rapid evolution of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
The CDC identified antimicrobial-resistant threats in the US.
o Overuse of antibiotics
Antibiotic stewardship involves coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antimicrobials.
o Goal of enhancing health outcomes, protecting against harms caused by unnecessary antibiotic use, and combating antibiotic resistance.
