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PSYC 121 > CH 15 > Flashcards

CH 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s Mental Disorder?

A

Can be broadly defined as a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment.

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2
Q

What’s Medical Model?

A

An approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.

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3
Q

What are Signs?

A

Objectively observed indicators of a disorder.

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4
Q

What are Symptoms?

A

Subjectively reported behaviours, thoughts, and emotions.

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5
Q

What’s a Disorder?

A

Common set of sign and symptoms.

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6
Q

What’s a Disease?

A

A known pathological process affecting the body.

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7
Q

What’s a Diagnosis?

A

A determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present.

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8
Q

What’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?

A

The DSM is a classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

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9
Q

What’s Neurodevelopmental Disorder?

A

These conditions begin early in development and cause significant impairments in functioning, such as intellectual disability (formerly called “mental retardation”), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

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10
Q

What’s Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders?

A

This group of disorders is characterized by major disturbances in perception, thought, language, emotion, and behaviour.

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11
Q

What’s Bipolar and Related Disorders?

A

These disorders include major fluctuations in mood—from mania to depression—and also can include psychotic experiences, which is why they are placed between the psychotic and depressive disorders in DSM–5.

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12
Q

What’s Depressive Disorder?

A

These conditions are characterized by extreme and persistent periods of depressed mood.

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13
Q

What’s Anxiety Disorder?

A

These disorders are characterized by excessive fear and anxiety that are extreme enough to impair a person’s functioning, such as panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.

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14
Q

What’s Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders?

A

These conditions are characterized by the presence of obsessive thinking followed by compulsive behaviour in response to that thinking.

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15
Q

What’s Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders?

A

These disorders develop in response to a traumatic event, such as posttraumatic stress disorder.

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16
Q

What’s Dissociative Disorders?

A

These conditions are characterized by disruptions or discontinuity in consciousness, memory, or identity, such as dissociative identity disorder (formerly called “multiple personality disorder”).

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17
Q

What’s Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders?

A

These are conditions in which a person experiences bodily symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue) associated with significant distress or impairment.

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18
Q

What’s Feeding and Eating Disorders?

A

These are problems with eating that impair health or functioning, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

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19
Q

What’s Elimination Disorders?

A

These involve inappropriate elimination of urine or feces (e.g., bedwetting).

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20
Q

What’s Sleep–Wake Disorders?

A

These are problems with the sleep–wake cycle, such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.

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21
Q

What’s Sexual Dysfunctions?

A

These are problems related to unsatisfactory sexual activity, such as erectile disorder and premature ejaculation.

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22
Q

What’s Gender Dysphoria?

A

This is a single disorder characterized by incongruence between a person’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender.

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23
Q

What’s Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders?

A

These conditions involve problems controlling emotions and behaviours, such as conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, and kleptomania.

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24
Q

What’s Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder?

A

This collection of disorders involves persistent use of substances or some other behaviour (e.g., gambling) despite the fact that it leads to significant problems.

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25
Q

What’s Neurocognitive Disorder?

A

These are disorders of thinking caused by conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease or traumatic brain injury.

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26
Q

What’s Personality Disorder?

A

These are enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that lead to significant life problems.

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27
Q

What’s Paraphilic Disorder?

A

These conditions are characterized by inappropriate sexual activity, such as pedophilic disorder.

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28
Q

What’s Other Mental Disorder?

A

This is a residual category for conditions that do not fit into one of the above categories but are associated with significant distress or impairment, such as an unspecified mental disorder due to a medical condition.

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29
Q

What’s Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication?

A

These are problems with physical movement (e.g., tremors, rigidity) that are caused by medication.

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30
Q

What’s Other Conditions That May Be the Focus of Clinical Attention?

A

These include disorders related to abuse, neglect, relationship, and other problems.

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31
Q

What’s Comorbidity?

A

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.

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32
Q

What’s Epidemiology?

A

The study of the distribution and causes of health and disease.

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33
Q

What’s Biopsychosocial Perspective?

A

Explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors.

34
Q

What’s Diathesis-stress model?

A

A person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.

35
Q

What’s Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)?

A

A new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them.

36
Q

What’s Etiology?

A

Mental illness is likely to have a distinctive cause.

37
Q

What’s Prognosis?

A

A typical course over time and susceptibility to treatment and cure.

38
Q

What’s Phobic Disorder?

A

Marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.

39
Q

What’s Specific Phobia?

A

An irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function.

40
Q

What’s Social Phobia?

A

An irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed.

41
Q

What’s Preparedness Theory?

A

People are instinctively predisposed towards certain fears.

42
Q

What’s Panic Disorder?

A

The sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror.

43
Q

What’s Agoraphobia?

A

A specific phobia involving a fear of public places.

44
Q

What’s Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

Called generalized because the unrelenting worries are not focused on any particular threat; they are, in fact, often exaggerated and irrational. GAD is chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

45
Q

What’s Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

A

Repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.

46
Q

What’s PTSD?

A

Chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind.

47
Q

What’s Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Depression)?

A

Which we refer to here simply as “depression,” is characterized by a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance.

48
Q

What’s Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

The same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years.

49
Q

What’s Double Depression?

A

A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression.

50
Q

What’s Seasonal Affective Disorder?

A

Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern.

51
Q

What’s Postpartum Depression?

A

Depression following childbirth) due to changing hormone balances.

52
Q

What’s Helplessness Theory?

A

individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault), stable (i.e., unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread). For example, a student at risk for depression might view a bad grade on a math test as a sign of low intelligence (internal) that will never change (stable) and that will lead to failure in all his or her future endeavors (global).

53
Q

Negative schema is characterized by biases in:

A
  • Interpretations of information (a tendency to interpret neutral information negatively—seeing the world through grey glasses)
  • Attention (trouble disengaging from negative information)
  • Memory (better recall of negative information)
54
Q

What’s Bipolar Disorder?

A

A condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression).

55
Q

What’s Pleiotropic Effects?

A

Which one gene influences a person’s susceptibility to multiple disorders. For instance, one recent study revealed a shared genetic vulnerability for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

56
Q

What’s Expressed Emotion?

A

A measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement people communicate when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder, are more likely to relapse than are people with supportive families.

57
Q

What’s Schizophrenia?

A

The profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behaviour.

58
Q

What’s Positive Symptoms?

A

Thoughts and behaviours, such as delusions and hallucinations, not seen in those without the disorder.

59
Q

What are Hallucinations?

A

False perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation.

60
Q

What are Delusions?

A

False beliefs, often bizarre and grandiose, that are maintained in spite of their irrationality. For example, an individual with schizophrenia may believe that he or she is Jesus Christ, Napoleon, Joan of Arc, or some other well-known person.

61
Q

What’s Disorganized Speech?

A

A severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics.

62
Q

What’s Grossly Disorganized Behaviour?

A

Behaviour that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances.

63
Q

What’s Catatonic Behaviour?

A

A marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity.

64
Q

What’s Negative Symptoms?

A

Deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviours. They include emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behaviour, motivation, and emotion.

65
Q

What’s Cognitive Symptoms?

A

Deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory.

66
Q

What’s Dopamine Hypothesis?

A

The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity.

67
Q

What’s Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

A condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities.

68
Q

What’s ADHD?

A

A persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning.

69
Q

What’s Conduct Disorder?

A

A condition in which a child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behaviour involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.

70
Q

What’s Personality Disorders?

A

A condition in which a child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behaviour involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.

71
Q

What’s Paranoid?

A

Distrust in others, suspicion that people have sinister motives; apt to challenge the loyalties of friends and read hostile intentions into others’ actions; prone to anger and aggressive outbursts but otherwise emotionally cold; often jealous, guarded, secretive, overly serious.

72
Q

What’s Schizoid?

A

Extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationships; prefers to be alone, little interest in others; humourless, distant, often absorbed with own thoughts and feelings, a daydreamer; fearful of closeness, with poor social skills, often seen as a “loner.”

73
Q

What’s Schizotypal?

A

Peculiar or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing; strange beliefs; “magical thinking,” such as belief in ESP or telepathy; difficulty forming relationships; may react oddly in conversation, not respond, or talk to self; speech elaborate or difficult to follow. (Possibly a mild form of schizophrenia.)

74
Q

What’s Antisocial?

A

Impoverished moral sense or “conscience”; history of deception, crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive or violent behaviour; little emotional empathy or remorse for hurting others; manipulative, careless, callous; at high risk for substance abuse and alcoholism.

75
Q

What’s Borderline?

A

Unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships; frequent mood changes and anger, unpredictable impulses; self-mutilation or suicidal threats or gestures to get attention or manipulate others; self-image fluctuation and a tendency to see others as “all good” or “all bad.”

76
Q

What’s Narcissistic?

A

Inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success; exaggerates own achievements, assumes others will recognize they are superior; good first impressions but poor longer-term relationships; exploitative of others.

77
Q

What’s Avoidant?

A

Socially anxious and uncomfortable unless they are confident of being liked; in contrast with schizoid person, yearns for social contact; fears criticism and worries about being embarrassed in front of others; avoids social situations due to fear of rejection.

78
Q

What’s Dependent?

A

Submissive, dependent, requiring excessive approval, reassurance, and advice; clings to people and fears losing them; lacking self-confidence; uncomfortable when alone; may be devastated by end of close relationship or suicidal if breakup is threatened.

79
Q

What’s Obsessive-Compulsive?

A

Conscientious, orderly, perfectionist; excessive need to do everything “right”; inflexibly high standards and caution can interfere with their productivity; fear of errors can make them strict and controlling; poor expression of emotions. (Not the same as obsessive-compulsive disorder.)

80
Q

What’s Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?

A

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.

PSYC 121 (8 decks)

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