CH 12

Question 1

What’s Personality?

Answer 1

An individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Question 2

What’s Self-report?

Answer 2

A method in which people provide the subjective information about their on thought, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview.

Question 3

What was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

Answer 3

A well-researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems.

Question 4

What were Projective Tests?

Answer 4

These tests are designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli.

Question 5

What’s the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

Answer 5

A projective technique in which respondents’ inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots.

Question 6

What’s the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

Answer 6

A projective technique in which respondents’ underlying motives and concerns and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed though analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people.

Question 7

What’s a Trait?

Answer 7

A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way.

Question 8

What are the Big FIve?

Answer 8

Openness to experience, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. “CANOE”

Question 9

What’s the Superego?

Answer 9

The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority. The superego consists of a set of guidelines, internal standards, and other codes of conduct that regulate and control our behaviours, thoughts, and fantasies.

Question 10

What’s the id?

Answer 10

Is the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives.

Question 11

What’s the Ego?

Answer 11

the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands. The ego operates according to the reality principle, the regulating mechanism that enables us to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world.

Question 12

What are defense mechanisms?

Answer 12

Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce the anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses.

Question 13

What are the 8 types of mechanisms?

Answer 13

Repression, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression, displacement, identification, sublimation

Question 14

What’s Repression?

Answer 14

Removing painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from the conscious mind: “motivated forgetting.”

Not lashing out physically in anger; putting a bad experience out of your mind

Question 15

What’s Rationalization?

Answer 15

Supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behaviour to conceal (mostly from oneself) one’s underlying motives or feelings.

Dropping calculus, allegedly because of poor ventilation in the classroom.

Question 16

What’s Reaction Formation?

Answer 16

Unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite.

Being rude to someone you’re attracted to. Or calling your ex.

Question 17

What’s Projection?

Answer 17

Attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group.

The guy not crossing the log

Question 18

What’s Regression?

Answer 18

Reverting to an immature behaviour or earlier stage of development, a time when things felt more secure, to deal with internal conflict and perceived threat.

Using baby talk, even though able to use appropriate speech, in response to distress.

Question 19

What’s Displacement?

Answer 19

Shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative.

Slamming a door; yelling at someone other than the person you’re mad at.

Question 20

What’s Identification?

Answer 20

Dealing with feelings of threat and anxiety by unconsciously taking on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope.

A bullied child becoming a bully.

Question 21

What’s Sublimation?

Answer 21

Channelling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities.

Diverting anger to the football or rugby field, or other contact sport.

Question 22

What’s the Oral Psychosexual Stage?

Answer 22

The stage in which experience centres on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed.

Question 23

What’s the Anal Psychosexual Stage?

Answer 23

The stage in which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention, and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training.

Question 24

What’s the Phallic Psychosexual Stage?

Answer 24

The stage in which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic–genital region, as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict.

Question 25

What’s the Latency Psychosexual Stage?

Answer 25

The stage in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills.

Question 26

What’s the Genital Psychosexual Stage?

Answer 26

The time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner.

Question 27

What’s a humanistic psychologist?

Answer 27

emphasized a positive, optimistic view of human nature that highlights people’s inherent goodness and their potential for personal growth.

Question 28

What’s a Existentialist psychologist?

Answer 28

Focused on the individual as a responsible agent who is free to create and live his or her life while negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death.

Question 29

What’s the self-actualizing tendency?

Answer 29

, the human motive towards realizing our inner potential, as a major factor in personality. The pursuit of knowledge, the expression of one’s creativity, the quest for spiritual enlightenment, and the desire to give to society are all examples of self-actualization.

Question 30

What’s Flow?

Answer 30

engagement in tasks that exactly match one’s abilities creates a mental state of energized focus that he called flow

Question 31

What’s the existential approach?

Answer 31

is a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.

Question 32

What’s angst?

Answer 32

According to the existential perspective, the difficulties we face in finding meaning in life and in accepting the responsibility of making free choices provoke a type of anxiety that existentialists call angst (the anxiety of fully being).

Question 33

What’s the social cognitive approach?

Answer 33

Views personality in terms of how a person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them.

For example, a person would have to be pretty strange to act exactly the same way at a memorial service as at a keg party.

Question 34

What’s the person-situation controversy?

Answer 34

which focuses on the question of whether behaviour is caused more by personality or by situational factors.

Question 35

What’s outcome expectancies?

Answer 35

a person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behaviour.

Question 36

What’s locus of control?

Answer 36

a person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

Question 37

What’s internal locus control?

Answer 37

People whose answers suggest that they believe they control their own destiny

Question 38

What’s Psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 38

Personality theory that emphasizes unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood sexuality and relationships with parents; proposed by Freud.

Question 39

What’s Psychodynamic Theory?

Answer 39

Personality theory builds on Freud’s ideas and focuses on the conscious and unconscious forced that control behaviour.

Question 40

What’s Humanistic Theory?

Answer 40

Emphasizes the full richness of each individual human, including the potential for personal growth.

Question 41

What’s trait theory?

Answer 41

Emphasizes enduring characteristics of a person’s behavior, thoughts and emotions across situations

Question 42

What’s Social Cognitive theory?

Answer 42

Emphasizes the interaction between a person’s individual characteristics and the social environment.

Question 43

What’s self concept?

Answer 43

a person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviours, traits, and other personal characteristics. A person’s self-concept is an organized body of knowledge that develops from social experiences and has a profound effect on a person’s behaviour throughout life.

Question 44

What’s self narrative?

Answer 44

The aspect of the self-concept that is a self-narrative (a story that we tell about ourselves) can be brief or very lengthy. Your life story could start with your birth and upbringing, describe a series of defining moments, and end where you are today.

Question 45

What’s self schema’s?

Answer 45

traits people use to define themselves self-schemas, emphasizing that they draw information about the self into a coherent scheme. She asked people to indicate whether they had a trait by pressing response buttons labelled me or not me.

Question 46

What’s self verification?

Answer 46

the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept, and we find it disconcerting if someone sees us quite differently from the way we see ourselves.

Question 47

What’s self esteem?

Answer 47

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self.

Question 48

What’s self serving bias?

Answer 48

shows that people tend to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures.

Question 49

What’s narcissism?

Answer 49

a grandiose view of the self, combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others—brings some costs. In fact, at its extreme, narcissism is considered a personality disorder

Question 50

What’s implicit egotism?

Answer 50

the hypothesis that humans have an unconscious preference for things they associate with themselves.

House number or first letter of their name.