CH 13

Question 1

What’s Social Psychology?

Answer 1

Why are we so different? Is the study of the causes and consequences of sociality, and it provides an answer to this question

Question 2

What’s the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis?

Answer 2

Suggest the animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

Question 3

What’s Proactive Agression?

Answer 3

Which is aggression that is planned and purposeful. The mafia hit man who executes a rival gangster in cold blood is engaging in proactive aggression.

Question 4

What’s Reactive Aggression?

Answer 4

Is aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state. The man who gets fired, gets angry, and yells at his wife when he gets home is engaging in reactive aggression.

Question 5

What’s Cooperation?

Answer 5

Is behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit, and it is one of our species’ greatest achievements—right up there with language, fire, and free two-day delivery.

Question 6

What’s Prejudice?

Answer 6

Is an evaluation of another person based solely on his or her group membership, and although most people use this word to denote negative evaluations, psychologists use it to denote both positive and negative evaluations. Ex, ethnicity, gender.

Question 7

What’s the Common Knowledge effect?

Answer 7

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.

Question 8

What’s Group Polarization?

Answer 8

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.

Question 9

What’s Groupthink?

Answer 9

Is the tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony.

Question 10

What’s Deindividualization?

Answer 10

When immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values.

Question 11

What’s Diffusion of Responsibility?

Answer 11

The tendency of individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way. Ex, helping someone in public.

Question 12

What’s Social Loafing?

Answer 12

The tendency of people to expend less effort when they are in a group than when they are alone. Ex, not working as hard because the other people in the group has the same amount of responsibility as you do.

Question 13

What’s Bystander Intervention?

Answer 13

The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation—show that people are less likely to help an innocent person in distress when there are many other bystanders present, simply because they assume that the other bystanders are collectively more responsible than they are

Question 14

What’s Altruism?

Answer 14

Is intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself. Ex, giving lunch away to someone who is hungry.

Question 15

What’s Reciprocal Altruism?

Answer 15

Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future. Ex, giving a loan.

Question 16

What’s the Mere Exposure Effect?

Answer 16

Is the tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the amount of exposure to that stimulus. Ex, not liking a song on the radio once but after hearing it a few times you start liking it.

Question 17

What do cultures have in common when it comes to beauty?

Answer 17

Body shape, symmetry, and age.

Question 18

What’s Passionate Love?

Answer 18

An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

Question 19

What’s Companionate Love?

Answer 19

An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being

Question 20

What’s the Comparison Level for Alternatives?

Answer 20

The cost–benefit ratio that a person believes he or she could attain in another relationship.

Question 21

What’s Equity?

Answer 21

Is a state of affairs in which the cost–benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equally favorable.

Question 22

What’s Social Cognition?

Answer 22

The processes by which people come to understand others, and your brain is doing it all day long.

Question 23

What’s Category Based Inferences?

Answer 23

Inferences based on information about the categories to which a person belongs

Question 24

What’s Target Based Inferences?

Answer 24

Are inferences based on information about an individual’s behaviour.

Question 25

What’s Stereotyping?

Answer 25

The process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership.

Question 26

What’s Behavioral Confirmation (Self-fulfilling Prophecy)?

Answer 26

(also known as “self-fulfilling prophecy”) is the tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave. Ex, the banks during the great depression.

Question 27

What’s Stereotype Threat?

Answer 27

The target’s fear of confirming the observer’s negative stereotypes.

Question 28

What’s Perceptual Confirmation?

Answer 28

The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

Question 29

What’s Subtyping?

Answer 29

The tendency of observers to think of targets who disconfirm stereotypes as “exceptions to the rule”. Ex, extremely unsociable PR agent.

Question 30

What’s Attributions?

Answer 30

Conclusions about the causes of people’s behaviors.

Question 31

What’s Situational Attribution?

Answer 31

A person’s behaviour was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it happened (“He was lucky that the wind carried the ball into the stands”)

Question 32

What’s Dispositional Attributions?

Answer 32

a person’s behaviour was caused by a relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way (“Rachel is mad at John for spilling beer on her new carpet and ignores the uneven carpet being a factor”).

Question 33

What’s Correspondence Bias?

Answer 33

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution. Ex, someone talking really loud in a library.

Question 34

What’s the Actor Observer Effect?

Answer 34

The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others. For example, when a doctor tells someone that their cholesterol levels are elevated, the patient might blame factors that are outside of their control such as genetic or environmental influences. But what about when someone else finds out their cholesterol levels are too high? In such situations, people attribute it to things such as poor diet and lack of exercise.

Question 35

What’s Fundamental Attribution Error?

Answer 35

Tendency to underestimate the situational influences on the behavior of others.

Question 36

What’s Social Influence?

Answer 36

The ability to change or direct another person’s behaviour

Question 37

What’s the Hedonic Motive?

Answer 37

People are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain

Question 38

What’s the Approval Motive?

Answer 38

People are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected

Question 39

What’s the Accuracy Motive?

Answer 39

People are motivated to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong

Question 40

What’s the Over Justification Effect?

Answer 40

When a reward decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behaviour

Question 41

What’s Reactance?

Answer 41

Reactance is an unpleasant motivational arousal to offers, persons, rules, or regulations that threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms. For example, Charlie gets a certain amount of lunch money every day at school and can choose what he wants, but he can’t have it all.

Question 42

What are Norms?

Answer 42

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture

Question 43

What’s Norm of Reciprocity?

Answer 43

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them. Ex. Someone buys you lunch, you return the favor.

Question 44

What’s Normative Influence?

Answer 44

Occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate. Ex. Being nice in a group so they like you.

Question 45

What’s the Door in the Face Technique?

Answer 45

An influence strategy that involves getting someone to accept a small request by first getting them to refuse a large request.

Question 46

What’s Conformity?

Answer 46

The tendency to do what others do.

Question 47

What’s Obedience?

Answer 47

The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do.

Question 48

What’s Attitude?

Answer 48

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of a stimulus (“Apples taste good”)

Question 49

What’s Belief?

Answer 49

an enduring piece of knowledge about a stimulus (“Apples are in the fridge”)

Question 50

What’s Informational Influence?

Answer 50

occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is good or true. Ex, everyone in the mall running to the exit.

Question 51

What’s Persuasion?

Answer 51

A person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Question 52

What’s Systematic Persuasion?

Answer 52

Is the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

Question 53

What’s Heuristic Persuasion?

Answer 53

Which is the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion. Ex, Listening to doctors

Question 54

What’s the Foot in the Door Technique?

Answer 54

Making a small request and then following it with a larger request.

Question 55

What’s Cognitive Dissonance?

Answer 55

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs. Behaving in ways that are not aligned with your personal values may result in intense feelings of discomfort.