CH 13 Flashcards
What’s Social Psychology?
Why are we so different? Is the study of the causes and consequences of sociality, and it provides an answer to this question
What’s the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis?
Suggest the animals aggress when their goals are frustrated
What’s Proactive Agression?
Which is aggression that is planned and purposeful. The mafia hit man who executes a rival gangster in cold blood is engaging in proactive aggression.
What’s Reactive Aggression?
Is aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state. The man who gets fired, gets angry, and yells at his wife when he gets home is engaging in reactive aggression.
What’s Cooperation?
Is behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit, and it is one of our species’ greatest achievements—right up there with language, fire, and free two-day delivery.
What’s Prejudice?
Is an evaluation of another person based solely on his or her group membership, and although most people use this word to denote negative evaluations, psychologists use it to denote both positive and negative evaluations. Ex, ethnicity, gender.
What’s the Common Knowledge effect?
The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.
What’s Group Polarization?
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.
What’s Groupthink?
Is the tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony.
What’s Deindividualization?
When immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values.
What’s Diffusion of Responsibility?
The tendency of individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way. Ex, helping someone in public.
What’s Social Loafing?
The tendency of people to expend less effort when they are in a group than when they are alone. Ex, not working as hard because the other people in the group has the same amount of responsibility as you do.
What’s Bystander Intervention?
The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation—show that people are less likely to help an innocent person in distress when there are many other bystanders present, simply because they assume that the other bystanders are collectively more responsible than they are
What’s Altruism?
Is intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself. Ex, giving lunch away to someone who is hungry.
What’s Reciprocal Altruism?
Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future. Ex, giving a loan.
What’s the Mere Exposure Effect?
Is the tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the amount of exposure to that stimulus. Ex, not liking a song on the radio once but after hearing it a few times you start liking it.
What do cultures have in common when it comes to beauty?
Body shape, symmetry, and age.
What’s Passionate Love?
An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction
What’s Companionate Love?
An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being
What’s the Comparison Level for Alternatives?
The cost–benefit ratio that a person believes he or she could attain in another relationship.
What’s Equity?
Is a state of affairs in which the cost–benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equally favorable.
What’s Social Cognition?
The processes by which people come to understand others, and your brain is doing it all day long.
What’s Category Based Inferences?
Inferences based on information about the categories to which a person belongs
What’s Target Based Inferences?
Are inferences based on information about an individual’s behaviour.
What’s Stereotyping?
The process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership.
What’s Behavioral Confirmation (Self-fulfilling Prophecy)?
(also known as “self-fulfilling prophecy”) is the tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave. Ex, the banks during the great depression.
What’s Stereotype Threat?
The target’s fear of confirming the observer’s negative stereotypes.
What’s Perceptual Confirmation?
The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
What’s Subtyping?
The tendency of observers to think of targets who disconfirm stereotypes as “exceptions to the rule”. Ex, extremely unsociable PR agent.
What’s Attributions?
Conclusions about the causes of people’s behaviors.
What’s Situational Attribution?
A person’s behaviour was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it happened (“He was lucky that the wind carried the ball into the stands”)
What’s Dispositional Attributions?
a person’s behaviour was caused by a relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way (“Rachel is mad at John for spilling beer on her new carpet and ignores the uneven carpet being a factor”).
What’s Correspondence Bias?
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution. Ex, someone talking really loud in a library.
What’s the Actor Observer Effect?
The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others. For example, when a doctor tells someone that their cholesterol levels are elevated, the patient might blame factors that are outside of their control such as genetic or environmental influences. But what about when someone else finds out their cholesterol levels are too high? In such situations, people attribute it to things such as poor diet and lack of exercise.
What’s Fundamental Attribution Error?
Tendency to underestimate the situational influences on the behavior of others.
What’s Social Influence?
The ability to change or direct another person’s behaviour
What’s the Hedonic Motive?
People are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain
What’s the Approval Motive?
People are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected
What’s the Accuracy Motive?
People are motivated to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong
What’s the Over Justification Effect?
When a reward decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behaviour
What’s Reactance?
Reactance is an unpleasant motivational arousal to offers, persons, rules, or regulations that threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms. For example, Charlie gets a certain amount of lunch money every day at school and can choose what he wants, but he can’t have it all.
What are Norms?
Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture
What’s Norm of Reciprocity?
The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them. Ex. Someone buys you lunch, you return the favor.
What’s Normative Influence?
Occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate. Ex. Being nice in a group so they like you.
What’s the Door in the Face Technique?
An influence strategy that involves getting someone to accept a small request by first getting them to refuse a large request.
What’s Conformity?
The tendency to do what others do.
What’s Obedience?
The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do.
What’s Attitude?
An enduring positive or negative evaluation of a stimulus (“Apples taste good”)
What’s Belief?
an enduring piece of knowledge about a stimulus (“Apples are in the fridge”)
What’s Informational Influence?
occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is good or true. Ex, everyone in the mall running to the exit.
What’s Persuasion?
A person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
What’s Systematic Persuasion?
Is the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason
What’s Heuristic Persuasion?
Which is the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion. Ex, Listening to doctors
What’s the Foot in the Door Technique?
Making a small request and then following it with a larger request.
What’s Cognitive Dissonance?
An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs. Behaving in ways that are not aligned with your personal values may result in intense feelings of discomfort.
