Ch. 14: Science & Technology

Question 1

program instructs computer to follow calculations in order to accomplish a task, i.e., it is a mathematical instruction.

Answer 1

Algorithm

Question 2

machine smart enough to perform tasks it has not been programmed to perform.

Answer 2

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Question 3

bias that may result, intentionally or unintentionally, as a function of theoretical and mathematical models used by AI algorithms.

Answer 3

Automated discrimination

Question 4

replacement of human labor with machinery and equipment.

Answer 4

Automation

Question 5

A condition in which the material part of culture changes at a faster rate than the nonmaterial part.

Answer 5

Cultural lag

Question 6

electronic communication to send or post negative or hurtful messages or images about an individual or a group.

Answer 6

Cyberbullying

Question 7

Dominant in postindustrial societies, the use of machines to control other machines.

Answer 7

Cybernation

Question 8

Requires Tor Project software to access, which prevents tracking, surveillance, and censorship; usually used for illegal purposes.

Answer 8

Dark web

Question 9

nonindexed pages that can only be accessed through passwords, encryption, or specialty software; usually used for legal purposes that require anonymity.

Answer 9

Deep web

Question 10

Digitally created with artificial intelligence, videos that can realistically portray a person or persons saying or doing things that they have never said or done.

Answer 10

Deepfake videos

Question 11

Misinformation that is intentionally created and distributed in order to mislead, sow conflict, or attain a specific end.

Answer 11

Disinformation

Question 12

The buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet.

Answer 12

E-commerce

Question 13

The state of confusion resulting from rapid scientific and technological changes that unravel our traditional values and beliefs.

Answer 13

Future shock

Question 14

The transplantation of a healthy gene to replace a defective or missing gene.

Answer 14

Gene replacement therapy

Question 15

The manipulation of an organism’s genes in such a way that the natural outcome is altered.

Answer 15

Genetic engineering

Question 16

A federal law that prohibits discrimination in health coverage or employment based on genetic information.

Answer 16

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008

Question 17

Examination of DNA in order to identify abnormalities or alterations that may lead to disease or illness.

Answer 17

Genetic testing

Question 18

Food that has been produced by transferring genes from one plant into the genetic code of another plant.

Answer 18

Genetically modified food

Question 19

Unauthorized access to a computer to obtain data for illicit purposes.

Answer 19

Hacking

Question 20

When DNA in sperm, eggs, or embryos that could be inherited from a parent to a child is changed.

Answer 20

Heritable genome editing

Question 21

An international information infrastructure available through universities, research institutes, government agencies, libraries, and businesses.

Answer 21

Internet

Question 22

The potential connectivity of all electronic devices; widespread information sharing between people and the objects of everyday life.

Answer 22

Internet of Things (IoT)

Question 23

A general term that involves any spyware, crimeware, worms, viruses, and adware that is installed on a computer without the owner’s knowledge.

Answer 23

Malware

Question 24

Dominant in an agricultural society, the use of tools to accomplish tasks previously done by hand.

Answer 24

Mechanization

Question 25

The manipulation of materials and creation of structures and systems at the scale of atoms and molecules.

Answer 25

Nanotechnology

Question 26

A principle that Internet users should be able to visit any website and access any content without Internet service providers’ interference.

Answer 26

Net neutrality

Question 27

The tendency for racial and ethnic minorities to participate in information and communication technologies (e.g., using smartphones to access the Internet rather than a computer) that place them in a disadvantaged position (e.g., difficulty in researching a term paper on a smartphone).

Answer 27

Participation gap

Question 28

The percentage of people who have access to and use the Internet in a particular area.

Answer 28

Penetration rate

Question 29

A combination of the words phone and snubbing, which occurs when people are constantly looking at their phone while you are talking to them.

Answer 29

Phubbing

Question 30

An international conspiracy group that has been labeled a domestic terrorist organization by the FBI.

Answer 30

QAnon

Question 31

The process of discovering, explaining, and predicting natural or social phenomena.

Answer 31

Science

Question 32

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Answer 32

STEM

Question 33

Undifferentiated cells that can produce any type of cell in the human body.

Answer 33

Stem cells

Question 34

The tendency for technology to have both positive and negative consequences

Answer 34

Technological dualism

Question 35

The use of scientific principles and technology to solve social problems

Answer 35

Technological fix

Question 36

Activities that apply the principles of science and mechanics to the solutions of a specific problem

Answer 36

Technology

Question 37

Diseases that result from the use of technological devices, products, and/or chemicals.

Answer 37

Technology-induced diseases

Question 38

A general term for a group of technologies that allow a person to feel that they are present or look like they are present in a remote location.

Answer 38

Telepresence