CH 11: Sexual Orientation and the Struggle for Equality

Question 1

The emotional, cognitive, and sexual attraction to members of both sexes.

Answer 1

Bisexuality

Question 2

A U.S. Supreme Court decision that held that discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity violates Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Answer 2

Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia

Question 3

Refers to a person whose gender identity is consistent with his or her birth sex.

Answer 3

Cisgender

Question 4

A form of oppression that refers to a belief system that gives power and privilege to those whose gender identities align with their assigned birth sex, while subordinating gender variant people

Answer 4

Cisgenderism

Question 5

The ongoing process whereby a lesbian, gay, or bisexual individual becomes aware of his or her sexuality, accepts and incorporates it into his or her overall sense of self with others such as family, friends, and coworkers.

Answer 5

Coming out

Question 6

The idea that contact between groups is necessary for the reduction of prejudice.

Answer 6

Contact hypothesis

Question 7

A method of “conversion” most often used on gay and bisexual women, and transgender men. The perpetrators are usually straight cisgender men

Answer 7

Corrective rape

Question 8

Federal legislation stating that marriage is a legal union between one man and one woman and denies federal recognition of same-sex marriage.

Answer 8

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

Question 9

Actions or practices that result in differential treatment of categories of individuals.

Answer 9

Discrimination

Question 10

An amendment to the RFRA that would ensure that it was not used to sidestep federal nondiscrimination laws and that, if so, such behaviors would be unlawful.

Answer 10

Do No Harm Act

Question 11

An act that would amend the 1964 Civil Rights Act by replacing the word “sex” with the phrase “sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity).”

Answer 11

Equality Act

Question 12

Federal legislation that, if passed, would remove obstacles to non-heterosexual individuals or couples providing homes for adoption or foster care by prohibiting public child welfare agencies from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, or marital status.

Answer 12

Every Child Deserves a Family Act (ECDFA)

Question 13

An act, if passed, that would prohibit the government from imposing penalties for discriminating against married same-sex couples if it is demonstrated that the individual or organization held a “religious belief or moral conviction” against such marriages.

Answer 13

First Amendment Defense Act

Question 14

A term referring to women or men who are emotionally, cognitively, and sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex.

Answer 14

Gay

Question 15

Often used synonymously with transgender (and sometimes called gender variant), displays of gender that are inconsistent with society’s expectations.

Answer 15

Gender nonconforming

Question 16

The cultural presumption that heterosexuality is the norm whereby other orientations, by default, become abnormal and something to change.

Answer 16

Heteronormativity

Question 17

A form of oppression that refers to a belief system that gives power and privilege to heterosexuals, while depriving, oppressing, stigmatizing, and devaluing people who are not heterosexual.

Answer 17

Heterosexism

Question 18

The predominance of emotional, cognitive, and sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite sex.

Answer 18

Heterosexuality

Question 19

Broadly defined as the hate or fear of or prejudice toward homosexuals.

Answer 19

Homophobia

Question 20

A model that predicts that the legalization of same-sex marriages signifies approval of LGBT behaviors and therefore should reduce LGBT hate-motivated crimes.

Answer 20

Legitimacy hypothesis

Question 21

A term referring to women who are emotionally, cognitively, and sexually attracted to women.

Answer 21

Lesbian

Question 22

Collectively, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning or “queer,” and/or intersexed individuals.

Answer 22

LGBT, LGBTQ, and LGBTQI

Question 23

The status that is considered the most significant in a person’s social identity.

Answer 23

Master status

Question 24

This law expands the original 1969 federal hate crimes law to cover hate crimes based on actual or perceived sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, and disability.

Answer 24

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA)

Question 25

The 2015 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized same-sex marriage in the United States.

Answer 25

Obergefell v. Hodges

Question 26

The use of power to create inequality and limit access to resources, which impedes the physical and/or emotional well-being of individuals or groups of people

Answer 26

Oppression

Question 27

Anyone whose sexual orientation is not limited by their partner’s birth sex, gender, or gender identity, the prefix “pan” meaning all.

Answer 27

Pansexual

Question 28

A model that argues that the legalization of same-sex marriages solidifies respective group member’s beliefs—i.e., those who approve of same-sex marriage and those who disapprove of same-sex marriage—and creates a greater gulf between the two.

Answer 28

Polarization hypothesis

Question 29

Negative attitudes and feelings toward or about an entire category of people.

Answer 29

Prejudice

Question 30

When a group has a special advantage or benefits as a result of cultural, economic, societal, legal, and political factors.

Answer 30

Privileged

Question 31

Although originally a pejorative term for gay men and women, the term has been reclaimed by the LGBTQ community to mean anyone who is not heterosexual or cisgender.

Answer 31

Queer

Question 32

Laws that protect business owners who discriminate against customers (e.g., gay men and women) based on religious grounds.

Answer 32

Religious freedom laws

Question 33

An act stating that the “government shall not substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion” (RFRA 1993).

Answer 33

Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA)

Question 34

It refers to a person’s emotional and sexual attractions, relationships, self-identity, and behavior.

Answer 34

Sexual orientation

Question 35

Collectively refers to reparative, conversion, and reorientation therapies.

Answer 35

Sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE)

Question 36

In 1969, patrons of this now historic Greenwich Village gay bar fought back against police brutality; often thought to be the beginning of the gay rights movement.

Answer 36

Stonewall Uprising