Ch. 14 Flashcards
Major incidents that led to the re-emergence of some vaccine preventable diseases
- people stopped vaccinating their kids because they thought it caused autism
Agglutination
-Clumping = abys binding to antigens
-blood typing: if you’re looking for blood type B, the surface B proteins will look for Anti-B abys. If they find it then the cells will clump tgthr
- used for blood typing, infxn identification, diagnosis of non infectious immune disorders
- can use CSF, urine, serum
Live attenuated vaccine
- Contain ALTERED pathogens that don’t cause disease but are still infectious
- can culture a pathogen in lab so that they lose pathogenicity; can genetically manipulate them
- benefits: don’t need boosters
- drawbacks: can cause disease in immunocompromised ppl and needs to be refrigerated
What aspect of immune response are vaccines based upon?
- Vaccines do not provide immediate protection
- Part of adaptive immune response
- helps create memory cells for long term use which will allow for quicker response when a pathogen is in a system
Herd immunity
- 85% of the population needs to be vaccinated so we can achieve herd immunity (95% for measles and whopping cough)
- some aren’t able to get vax bc they are immunocompromised/ very young or old/ pregnant = this allows them to be protected
What types of vaccines may be a safety risk for patients that are immunocompromised?
Live attenuated vaccines, vector vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
- Inactivated protein toxin
- Ex: tetanus, Dtap, Tdap
- taking an organism associated with making toxins
Adjuvant
- Different pharmacological additives that enhance body’s natural immune response to the antigens in the vaxs
- used for inactivated subunit vaccines
What barriers exist to using vaccination to eradicate disease?
- lack of medical education access
- availability
- finances
- wars
- pre-existing health issues
- access/inequities
- transportation
- geographical location
ELISA
- versatile and rapid and ACCURATE DIAGNOSTIC TESTS;
direct, indirect, sandwich; often used for point of care testing (rapid strep tests, pregnancy tests, drug tests, finger pricks for glucose and cholesterol) - aby-antigen interactions
- reporter enzyme attached to a monoclonal detecting aby-recognizes just one type of antigen
What type of interaction immunologic diagnostic tests are based on?
- rely on antigen-aby interactions
- biochemical tests: use to identify pathogens or bacteria
- immunological tests: help establish if a patient has been exposed to a certain antigen or pathogen
general characteristics of subunit inactivated vaccines
- only a portion of the pathogen
- requires adjuvant
- purified subunit: purified natural parts of actual pathogen or genetic engineered parts of the pathogen
- toxoid: inactivated protein toxin (Dtap & Tdap)
- conjugate: add or link a protein antigen to polysaccharide antigen to make a better immune response (meningococcal vax)
what are drawbacks of inactivated vaccines?
boosters are required to achieve full immunity
general characteristics of PCR and what it can detect
- helps diagnose infxns and genetic disorders
- sensitive enough to detect a single pathogen in a sample
- helpful in diagnosing infxns in early stages
- only looking for genetic material of a pathogen
How does a recombinant vector vaccine work?
pathogenic genetic material is packed inside a harmless virus/bacteria –> insert into body
Dr. Kathrin Jansen
Pfizer vaccine made in months
Dr. Katalin Kariko
discovered how to make an mRNA vaccine work
Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett
fabricate a protein that would trick our immune system into thinking its COVID
Dr. Lisa Jackson
clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines (moderna)
Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna
won nobel prize in chemistry for the development of a method for genome editing
