ch 13 food equity Flashcards
food insecurity
food insecurity
unreliable access to a sufficient supply of nourishing food
food insecurity
about 17.4 million U.S. households experienced
about 14%
food security in 2011
food insecurity
about 6.8 million households experienced very low
food security
eating patterns were disrupted and food intake was reduced
food insecurity
those at higher risk are households with
lower incomes
food access
famine
a severe food shortage affecting a large percentage of the population in a limited geographical area
food access
ex of famine that happened in china
20-43 million people died in the great famine from 1958-1961
food access
overpopulation
can occur when resources are insufficient to support the number of people living there
- uneven distribution
chronic hunger
local conditions can contribute to chronic hunger
- cash crops
- lack of infrastructure
- impact of disease
local conditions can contribute to chronic hunger
cash crops
crops grown to be sold rather than eaten such as cotton or tobacco
climate change threatens food security
global warming
general term used for the increase of about 1.5 F in temp that has occured on the earth’s surface over the past century
climate change threatens food security: global warming
many scientists believe this is due to the
carbon dioxide produced by human activities
climate change threatens food security: global warming
a 2015 study attributed 75% of _________ _________ and 18% of _______ _______ to global warming
heat extremes
precipitation extremes
sustainability
sustainability
the ability to satisfy basic, economic, social, and security needs now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base and environmental quality on which life depends
sustainability
sustainable practices on help
- reduce pollution of soil and water
- maintain or improve food diversity
- reduce the number of food deserts
sustainability
food deserts
geographic areas where people lack access to afforable, nutritous food
sustainability
food movement initiatives that aim to promote sustainability and food diversity include
- family farms
- community supported agriculture (CSA)
- farmers’ markets
- urban agriculture
- school gardens
- entrepreneurship investing in food startups
- corporate involvement
industrial agriculture
green revolution
massive program that has improved the technology and practices in agriculture
industral agriculture
high yield varieties (HYVs)
new forms of food products (like grains) that were produced by cross-breeding plants and selecting the most desirable traits
food diversity
food diversity
the variety of difference species of food crops available
food diversity
food diversity ex
in the 1960s the federal Agricultural Adjustment Act provided financial incentives for farmers to grow singles crops that were cultivated on a massive scale called monocultures
food industry influences america’s diet
in 2015 lobbyists were recorded spending the following amounts to promote certain aspects of food production
- livestock: $2.9 million
- dairy: $7 million
- sugar: $10.3 million
- food manufactures: $18.3 million
- beer, wine, liquor: $25 million
international initiatives
strive to increase access to nourishing foods
- WHO and UNICEF promote breastfeeding
- united nations world food programme
- USAID and peace corps agricultural edu programs
national and local programs
many programs help to increase access to nourishing foods
- SNAP
- WIC
- national commodity food program
- CDC healthful corner store
food ethics: food equity
fair trade
a trading partnership promoting equity in international trading relationships and contributing to sustainable development by securing the rights of marginalized producers and workers
food ethics: food equity— fair trade
born in response to the
exploitation of farm laborers around the world
food ethics: food equity– fair trade
depends on support from
consumers purchasing fair trade products
food equity
Food equity
Sharing the world’s food and other resources fairly
food equity
One in 7 people in the world is chronically
Undernourished, almost all of them developing nations
food equity
The major cause of undernutrition is
Unequal distribution of food because of poverty
choose foods that are healthful to you
- buy ORGANIC or REDUCE synthetic pesticide use
- purchase local produce and support local economy
- choose whole foods or less processed foods
- avoid empty calorie food and beverages
- when eating out ask for nutritional info
in depth: malnutrition
approximately 51 million children do not weigh enough for their
height
in depth: malnutrition
severe acute malnutrition (SAM)
condition in which energy intake is so inadequate that the child experiences a lower body weight than normal
in depth: malnutrition
approximately 161 million children experience stunted growth which causes them to be
shorter than expected for their age
in depth: malnutrition
SAM dramatically increases a population’s rate of
- maternal mortality
- infant mortality
in depth: malnutrition
maternal mortality
deaths of a woman during
* pregnancy
* childbirth
* or in the immediate postpartal period
in depth: malnutrition
infant mortality
deaths of infants between birth and 1 year of age
in depth: malnutrition
micronutrient deficiences can lead to preventable diseases
- iron deficiency anemia
- prenatal iodine
- vitamin A deficiency
micronutrient deficiencies that are preventable
which deficiency is the most common deficiency WORLDWIDE
iron deficiency anemia
micronutrient deficiencies that are preventable
which deficiency is fetal brain development
prenatal iodine
micronutrient deficiencies that are preventable
which deficiency is the leading cause of blindness in children
vitamin A deficiency
1. life stage and results of chronic undernutrition
life stage: undernourished fetus
result: low birth weight
leads to higher infant mortality rate
2. life stage and result of chronic undernutrition
the result of low birth weight leads to the
life stage undernourished infant
result:
* impaired physical and cognitive development
* frequent infections
3. life stage and result of chronic undernutrition
result of impaired physical and cognitive development and frequent infections leads to the
life stage of undernourished child
result:
* stunted growth; wasting
* poor motor development
* behavioral problems
* reduced mental capacity
4. life stage and result of chronic undernutrition
result of stunted growth, wasting, poor motor development, behavioral problems, reduced metal capacity leads to the
life stage undernourished adolescent
result:
* stunted growth
* low strength development
* reduced mental capacity
* poor work capacity
5. life stage and result of chronic undernutrition
result of stunted growth, low strength development, reduced mental capacity, poor work capacity leads to the
life stage undernourished pregnant adult
result:
low weight gain
leads to higher maternal mortality rate
the cycle starts over
in depth: malnutrition
nutrition paradox
is charcterized by the coexistence of stunting and overweight/obesity within the same region, the same household, and even the same person
in depth: malnutrition
the WHO identifies 2 key factors
- a trend toward decreased physical activity
- a global shift toward increased consumption of energy dense foods
in depth: malnutrition
poverty-obesity
paradox occurs when obesity is more prevalent in low-income populations
in depth: malnutrition– poverty-obesity
some researchers hava also observed a so called hunger-obesity paradox in which
low income people are obese while also deficient in one or more nutrients
in depth: malnutrition
food deserts
also contribute to malnutrition and poor food access
in depth: malnutrition– food deserts
characterized as geographic areas where people lack access to
- fresh
- healthful
- affordable food
