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Anatomy M01 Exam 3 > Ch 13 > Flashcards

Ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What does rostral and caudal mean?

A

Toward the snout

Toward the tail

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3
Q

What are the five most complex functions neural functions?

A

Intelligence

Consciousness

Memory

Sensory-motor integration

Innervation of the head

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4
Q

What four things protects the head?

A

Skull

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood-brain barrier

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5
Q

Describe the meminges from outer to innter

A

Dura mater (outer)

Arachnoid mater-seperates subdural & subarachnoid

Pia mater (inner)

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6
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

In the fourth ventricle, at the bottom of the cerebellum

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7
Q

What is the choroid plexus composed of?

A

Ependymal cells and capillaries

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8
Q

What do the ependymal cells make?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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9
Q

What is the pathway of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Lat. ventricle

Interventricular foramen

Third ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Fourth ventricle

Median & lateral apatures

Subanarchnoid space

Anarchnoid villus

Dura sinus (venus blood)

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10
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A endolihelial cells and tight junctions that allows for nutrients to pass, plus alcohol, nicotine and anesthetics

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11
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

Cerebelum

Diencephalon, thalamus/hypothalamus

Brain Stem, midbrain/pons, medulla

Cerebellum

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12
Q

What is the cortex composed of?

A

Outer: gray matter, neuronal cells

Inner: white matter, myelinated axons

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13
Q

What is basal nuclei?

A

Paired masses of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

What is are the ventricles lined with?

A

Ependymal cells

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15
Q

What are the ventricles filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Where is the lateral ventricles located?

A

In the cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

In the diencephalon

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18
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

In the hindbrain

Connects to the spinal cord

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19
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

The cerebra aqueduct

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20
Q

What is included in the brain stem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

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21
Q

The brain stem is known as the passageway for what?

A

All fiver tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord

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22
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

Survival behaviors

Movement

Digestion

Cardiovascular

Respiration

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23
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves attach to the brain stem?

A

10 of 12

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24
Q

What is the most caudal part of the brain stem?

A

The medulla oblongata

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25
Q

Choroid plexus lies where?

A

In the roof of the fourth ventricle

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26
Q

Where is the decussation of the motor tracts?

A

The medulla oblongata

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27
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Parts of the brain stem involved with hiccuping, sneezing, swallowing and coughing

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28
Q

What is a bridge between the midbrain and medulla oblongata?

A

The pons

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29
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Motor functions

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30
Q

What do pontine nuclei do?

A

Motor functions

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31
Q

What do the cerebral penduncles do?

A

They help transport nerve impulses from the higher part of the brain (cortex) and the brain stem, or lower part of the brain.

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32
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

The central cavity of the midbrain

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33
Q

Where are the cerebral penduncles located?

A

The ventral surface of the brain

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34
Q

What is inside the cerebral penduncles?

A

Pyramidal corticosponal tracts

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35
Q

What connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?

A

The superior cerebellar penduncles

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36
Q

Where is the periaqueductal gray matter located?

A

Around the cerebral aquaduct

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37
Q

What does the periaqueductal gray matter do?

A

Fight-or-flight reaction

Mediates response to pain

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38
Q

What does corpora quadrigemina mean?

A

Quadruplet bodies

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39
Q

What does corpora quadrigemina do?

A

Containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes

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40
Q

What is the largest cell nuclei?

A

Corpora quadrigemina

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41
Q

What is the corpora quadrigemina divided into?

A

Superior colliculi: visual reflex

Inferior colliculi: sound reflex

42
Q

What are two pigmented nuclei in the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra: black substance, reward, addiction, Parkinson’s

Red nucleus: motor control

43
Q

What is mesencphalon?

A

Midbrain

44
Q

What is the largest nucleus of the reticular formation?

A

Red nucleus

45
Q

Where is the cerebellum locted?

A

Dorsal to the pons and medulla

46
Q

What are the three regions of the cerebellum?

A

Cortex - gray matter

Arbor vitae - white matter

Deep cerebellar nuclei

47
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive information from?

A

The cerebral cortex

48
Q

What information does the cerebellum process?

A

Equilibrium

Smooths and coordinates movements

49
Q

What is another name of ridges in the cerebellum?

A

Folia

50
Q

What are the cerebellum hemispheres subdivided into?

A

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

Flocculonodular lobe

51
Q

What are the cerebellar penduncles connected to?

A

The cerebellum and the brain stem

52
Q

What are the names of the cerebellar penduncles subdivisions?

A

Superior cerebellar penduncles

Middle cerebellar penduncles

Inferior cerebella penduncles

53
Q

Which way do the fibers run to and from the cerebellum?

A

Ipsilateral (same side)

54
Q

What is the central core of the brain?

A

The diencephalon

55
Q

What is the diencephalon surrounded by?

A

The cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

What three paired structures comprise the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

57
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

Gray matter

58
Q

What makes up 80% of the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus

59
Q

What is the gateway to the cerebral cortex?

A

The thalamus

60
Q

Which parts of the brain communicate with the thalamus?

A

All of the brain

61
Q

What does the thalamus do to signals passing through it?

A

Amplify or attenuate signals

62
Q

The pituitary gland is connected to what?

A

The hypothalamus

63
Q

What is at the roof of the third ventricle?

A

The epithalamus

64
Q

What hormone does the epithalamus secrete?

A

Melatonin

65
Q

What is 83% of all brain mass?

A

The hemispheres

66
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves

67
Q

What are gyri?

A

Twisted ridges

68
Q

What does the frontal hemispheres do?

A

Muscle control, personality, higher intelligence, verbal communication

69
Q

What does the parietal hemisphere do?

A

Sensation and speech

70
Q

What does the occipital hemisphere do?

A

Seeing

71
Q

What does the temporal hemisphere do?

A

Hearing

72
Q

What are the three main sulcus?

A

Central

Pareital-occpital

Lateral

73
Q

What does the insula do?

A

Deep to the lateral sulcus and cerebra cortex

Conscienousness

74
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

Conscienousness

75
Q

What is 40% of the brain’s mass?

A

Cerebral cortex

76
Q

What are Broadmann areas?

A

52 areas in the cerebral cortex

77
Q

What does the somatosensory cortex do?

A

Conscienousness, spacial discremination,

Somatic senses (perceived externally)

78
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

Controls complex movements

Planning of movements

79
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

Where on the brain is it?

A

Controls emotional overtones to speech

80
Q

What do basal ganglia do?

A

Motor control

81
Q

What does basal forebrain nuclei do?

A

Memory

82
Q

What does the clastrum do?

A

Unknown

83
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Fear

84
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

In the cerebrum

85
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

In the amygdala

86
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

The emotional brain

87
Q

What is cingulate gyrus?

A

Shift between thoughts, interprets pain as unplesant

88
Q

What does the reticular activating system (RAS) do?

A

Sleep/wake cycle

Malfunctions with narcolepsy

Consciousness

89
Q

Name the XII cranial nerves

A

I. Olfactory, smell

II. Optic, vision sense

III. Oculomotor, eye muscles

IV. Trochlear, eye muscles

V. Trigeminal, face

VI. Abducens, eye muscle

VII. Facial, expression

VIII. Vestibolocochlear, hearing and balance

IX. Glossopharyngeal, tongue and phyranyx

X. Vagus, organs

XI. Accessory, trapezius

XII. Hypoglossal, tongue

90
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

Between the diencephalon and the pons

91
Q

What is the fornix?

A

C-shaped bundle of fibers

92
Q

Where do the optic nerves cross?

A

Optic chiasma

93
Q

What does Wernicke’s areas do?

Where on the brain is it?

A

Speech

94
Q

Name the XII paris of cranial nerves

A
95
Q

Name the sensory functions of the

XII pairs of cranial nerves

A
96
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A
97
Q

What are the five facial nerves?

A
98
Q

Name the ventricles

A
99
Q

How thick is the cerebral cortex?

A

3 mm gray matter outer thickness

100
Q

What area of the brain is responsible for intelligence?

A

Left prefrontal cortex

Left temporal cortex

Left parietal cortex

101
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

Sensory (towards the brain)

102
Q

What does efferent mean?

A

Motor (away from the brain)

Anatomy M01 Exam 3 (10 decks)

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