Ch 13 Flashcards
What is included in the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What does rostral and caudal mean?
Toward the snout
Toward the tail
What are the five most complex functions neural functions?
Intelligence
Consciousness
Memory
Sensory-motor integration
Innervation of the head
What four things protects the head?
Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier
Describe the meminges from outer to innter
Dura mater (outer)
Arachnoid mater-seperates subdural & subarachnoid
Pia mater (inner)
Where is the choroid plexus located?
In the fourth ventricle, at the bottom of the cerebellum
What is the choroid plexus composed of?
Ependymal cells and capillaries
What do the ependymal cells make?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the pathway of the cerebrospinal fluid?
Lat. ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Median & lateral apatures
Subanarchnoid space
Anarchnoid villus
Dura sinus (venus blood)
What is the blood-brain barrier?
A endolihelial cells and tight junctions that allows for nutrients to pass, plus alcohol, nicotine and anesthetics
What are the four regions of the brain?
Cerebelum
Diencephalon, thalamus/hypothalamus
Brain Stem, midbrain/pons, medulla
Cerebellum
What is the cortex composed of?
Outer: gray matter, neuronal cells
Inner: white matter, myelinated axons
What is basal nuclei?
Paired masses of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
What is are the ventricles lined with?
Ependymal cells
What are the ventricles filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Where is the lateral ventricles located?
In the cerebral hemispheres
Where is the third ventricle located?
In the diencephalon
Where is the fourth ventricle located?
In the hindbrain
Connects to the spinal cord
What connects the third and fourth ventricles?
The cerebra aqueduct
What is included in the brain stem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
The brain stem is known as the passageway for what?
All fiver tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord
What does the brain stem do?
Survival behaviors
Movement
Digestion
Cardiovascular
Respiration
How many pairs of cranial nerves attach to the brain stem?
10 of 12
What is the most caudal part of the brain stem?
The medulla oblongata
Choroid plexus lies where?
In the roof of the fourth ventricle
Where is the decussation of the motor tracts?
The medulla oblongata
What is the reticular formation?
Parts of the brain stem involved with hiccuping, sneezing, swallowing and coughing
What is a bridge between the midbrain and medulla oblongata?
The pons
What does the pons do?
Motor functions
What do pontine nuclei do?
Motor functions
What do the cerebral penduncles do?
They help transport nerve impulses from the higher part of the brain (cortex) and the brain stem, or lower part of the brain.
Where is the cerebral aqueduct?
The central cavity of the midbrain
Where are the cerebral penduncles located?
The ventral surface of the brain
What is inside the cerebral penduncles?
Pyramidal corticosponal tracts
What connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?
The superior cerebellar penduncles
Where is the periaqueductal gray matter located?
Around the cerebral aquaduct
What does the periaqueductal gray matter do?
Fight-or-flight reaction
Mediates response to pain
What does corpora quadrigemina mean?
Quadruplet bodies
What does corpora quadrigemina do?
Containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes
What is the largest cell nuclei?
Corpora quadrigemina
What is the corpora quadrigemina divided into?
Superior colliculi: visual reflex
Inferior colliculi: sound reflex
What are two pigmented nuclei in the midbrain?
Substantia nigra: black substance, reward, addiction, Parkinson’s
Red nucleus: motor control
What is mesencphalon?
Midbrain
What is the largest nucleus of the reticular formation?
Red nucleus
Where is the cerebellum locted?
Dorsal to the pons and medulla
What are the three regions of the cerebellum?
Cortex - gray matter
Arbor vitae - white matter
Deep cerebellar nuclei
Where does the cerebellum receive information from?
The cerebral cortex
What information does the cerebellum process?
Equilibrium
Smooths and coordinates movements
What is another name of ridges in the cerebellum?
Folia
What are the cerebellum hemispheres subdivided into?
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
What are the cerebellar penduncles connected to?
The cerebellum and the brain stem
What are the names of the cerebellar penduncles subdivisions?
Superior cerebellar penduncles
Middle cerebellar penduncles
Inferior cerebella penduncles
Which way do the fibers run to and from the cerebellum?
Ipsilateral (same side)
What is the central core of the brain?
The diencephalon
What is the diencephalon surrounded by?
The cerebral hemispheres
What three paired structures comprise the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
What is the diencephalon composed of?
Gray matter
What makes up 80% of the diencephalon?
The thalamus
What is the gateway to the cerebral cortex?
The thalamus
Which parts of the brain communicate with the thalamus?
All of the brain
What does the thalamus do to signals passing through it?
Amplify or attenuate signals
The pituitary gland is connected to what?
The hypothalamus
What is at the roof of the third ventricle?
The epithalamus
What hormone does the epithalamus secrete?
Melatonin
What is 83% of all brain mass?
The hemispheres
What are sulci?
Grooves
What are gyri?
Twisted ridges
What does the frontal hemispheres do?
Muscle control, personality, higher intelligence, verbal communication
What does the parietal hemisphere do?
Sensation and speech
What does the occipital hemisphere do?
Seeing
What does the temporal hemisphere do?
Hearing
What are the three main sulcus?
Central
Pareital-occpital
Lateral
What does the insula do?
Deep to the lateral sulcus and cerebra cortex
Conscienousness
What does the cerebral cortex do?
Conscienousness
What is 40% of the brain’s mass?
Cerebral cortex
What are Broadmann areas?
52 areas in the cerebral cortex
What does the somatosensory cortex do?
Conscienousness, spacial discremination,
Somatic senses (perceived externally)
What does the premotor cortex do?
Controls complex movements
Planning of movements
What does Broca’s area do?
Where on the brain is it?
Controls emotional overtones to speech
What do basal ganglia do?
Motor control
What does basal forebrain nuclei do?
Memory
What does the clastrum do?
Unknown
What does the amygdala do?
Fear
Where is the amygdala located?
In the cerebrum
Where is the limbic system located?
In the amygdala
What does the limbic system do?
The emotional brain
What is cingulate gyrus?
Shift between thoughts, interprets pain as unplesant
What does the reticular activating system (RAS) do?
Sleep/wake cycle
Malfunctions with narcolepsy
Consciousness
Name the XII cranial nerves
I. Olfactory, smell
II. Optic, vision sense
III. Oculomotor, eye muscles
IV. Trochlear, eye muscles
V. Trigeminal, face
VI. Abducens, eye muscle
VII. Facial, expression
VIII. Vestibolocochlear, hearing and balance
IX. Glossopharyngeal, tongue and phyranyx
X. Vagus, organs
XI. Accessory, trapezius
XII. Hypoglossal, tongue
Where is the midbrain located?
Between the diencephalon and the pons
What is the fornix?
C-shaped bundle of fibers
Where do the optic nerves cross?
Optic chiasma
What does Wernicke’s areas do?
Where on the brain is it?
Speech
Name the XII paris of cranial nerves
Name the sensory functions of the
XII pairs of cranial nerves
What are the four regions of the brain?
What are the five facial nerves?
Name the ventricles
How thick is the cerebral cortex?
3 mm gray matter outer thickness
What area of the brain is responsible for intelligence?
Left prefrontal cortex
Left temporal cortex
Left parietal cortex
What does afferent mean?
Sensory (towards the brain)
What does efferent mean?
Motor (away from the brain)
