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Anatomy M01 Exam 3 > Ch 12 > Flashcards

Ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory receptors monitor changes

Processes and interprets inputs

Dictates a motor response

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2
Q

What are the two basic divisions in the nervous system?

A

The CNS

The PNS

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3
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

Integrating and command center

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4
Q

What is included in the PNS?

A

Linking all regions of the body to the CNS

  • Cranial & spinal nerves
  • Ganglia
  • Clusters of neural cells
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5
Q

What is afferent input?

A

Sensory input -Picked up by sensor receptors -PNS>CNS

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6
Q

What is efferent output?

A

Motor output -CNS>PNS -Innervate muscles and glands

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7
Q

What are the two types of afferent functions?

A

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

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8
Q

What are the two types of efferent functions?

A

Somatic motor

Visceral motor

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9
Q

What does the somatic sensory functions do?

A

Touch

Pain

Temperature

Pressure

Hearing

Equilibrium and vision

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10
Q

What does the visceral sensory functions do?

A

Stretch

Pain

Temperature

Nausea and hunger

Taste and smell

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11
Q

What do the somatic motor functions do?

A

Voluntary motor innervation of skeletal musles

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12
Q

What do the visceral motor functions do?

A

Involuntary motor innervation of smooth and cardiac muscle

Glands

Autonomic Nervous System

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13
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons

Neurogial (Support cells)

  • Non-excitable
  • Surround and wrap neurons
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14
Q

How many neurons are there?

A

Billons

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15
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

The neuron

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16
Q

What cells conduct the electrical impulses?

A

Neurons conduct signals along the plasma membrane

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17
Q

What triggers nerve impulses?

A

Action potential

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18
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Receptor cells conducting signals toward the cell body

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19
Q

What are axons?

A

Transmit electrical signals away from the cell body

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20
Q

What are multiple branches of axons called?

A

Axon terminals

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21
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

The axon hillock is the last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon.

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22
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The site at which neurons communicate

Presynaptic neuron-synapse-postsynaptic neuron

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23
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

Separates the plasma membrane of the two neurons

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24
Q

What is the direction signals pass?

A

Presynaptic neuron>postsynaptic neuron

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25
Q

What is a synaptic vesicle?

A

A small secretory vesicle that contains a neurotransmitter, is found inside an axon near the presynaptic membrane, and releases its contents into the synaptic cleft

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26
Q

What is inside axon terminals?

A

Mitochondria

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27
Q

What are the five types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic, most common, between a neuron & another

Axosomatic, between axons & neuronsal cells

Uncommon: Axoaxonic, Dendrodendritic, & Dendrosomatic

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28
Q

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

A

Uniploar (pseudonipolar)

Bipolar, found in the eye

Multipolar, numerous dendrites & one axon

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29
Q

Functional classifications of neurons?

A

According to the direction the impulse travels

  • Afferent (sensory)
  • Efferent (motor)
  • Interneurons (association neurons)
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30
Q

What do afferent neurons do?

A

Transmit impulses towards CNS, and towards cell bodies in ganglia

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31
Q

What do efferent neurons do?

A

Carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs

Most motor neurons are multipolar

Cell bodies within the CNS

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32
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Lie between motor and sensory neurons

Confined to CNS

Multipolar

Most multipolar neurons are interneurons

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33
Q

What do supporting cells do?

A

Provide supportive functions for neurons

Cover nonsynaptic regions of the neurons

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34
Q

What undesirable thing can glial cells do?

A

Can divide and create brain tumors

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35
Q

What cell type makes up half the brain?

A

Gilal cells

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36
Q

What is the least abundant glial cell type?

A

Microglia, smallest and least abundant

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37
Q

Where do glial cells obtain blood?

A

Monocytes white blood cells

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38
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Circulate cerebral spinal fluid

Utilize bear cilia

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39
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes located?

A

Around axons

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40
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Product myelin sheaths in white matter

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41
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Neuron cell bodies

42
Q

What is white matter?

A

Axons of neurons

43
Q

What are nuclei?

A

A cluster of bodies in the CNS

44
Q

What are ganglia?

A

A cluster of bodies in the PNS

45
Q

What do satellite cells?

A

Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

46
Q

What are neurolemmocytes also called?

A

Schwann cells

47
Q

Where are Schwann cells located?

A

Around axons in the PNS

48
Q

What is another name for myelin?

A

Lipoprotein

49
Q

Where are myelin sheaths located?

A

Around axons

50
Q

What do myelin sheaths do?

A

Prevent leakage of current and speed conduction

51
Q

What is missing from thin axon cells?

A

Myelin sheaths

52
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps along axons like a string of sausage links

53
Q

What do neurolemmacytes do?

A

Schwann cells that concentrically wrap axons

54
Q

In which nervous system are Schwann cells located?

In which nervous system are oligodendrocytes located?

55
Q

Do oligoidendrocytes have single or multiple processes?

56
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

57
Q

Where is gray matter located?

A

Surroundes hollow CNS cavaties

58
Q

Where do gray and white matter transpose?

A

Spinal cord

59
Q

Where does white matter lie?

A

Internal to gray matter

60
Q

What is white matter composted of?

A

Myelinated axons

61
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of axons traveling to similar destinations

62
Q

What are nerves?

A

Cablelike organs in the PNS

63
Q

What does endoneurium wrap?

A

Around entire axon and myelin sheath

64
Q

What does perineurium wrap?

A

Around a single fascicle full of axons

65
Q

What does epieurium wrap?

A

Around entire nerve full of facicles and axons

66
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Process and direct info to specific CNS regions

Initiate motor responses

67
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

Rapid autonomic motor responses Visceral or somatic

68
Q

What are two types of reflexes?

A

Monosynaptic reflex, fastest, knee-jerk

Polysynaptic reflex, withdraw reflex, balance

69
Q

What are the three neuronal circuits?

A

Diverging circuit, one synapse-many post synapse

Converging circuit, many neurons converge onto one

Reverberating circuit, feedback via collateral axons

70
Q

Name the two types of input processing?

A

Serial and parallel

71
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

Between motor and sensory neurons

72
Q

Are unipolar neurons afferent or efferent?

73
Q

Innervating nerves are in which division of the nervous system?

74
Q

Smell and taste nerves are in which division of the nervous system?

75
Q

Oligodenrocytes and Schwann cells are in which nervous system?

A

CNS, PNS

Both wrap axons

76
Q

Which are thicker, myelin or unmyelinated neurons?

A

Myelinated

77
Q

What are in tracts?

A

Bundles of axons traveling in similar directions

78
Q

Define synapse

A

Space between two neurons

79
Q

What type of synapse is the most common?

A

Axodendritic

80
Q

List the five steps in a reflex arc

A

Receptor

Sensory neuron

Integration

Motor neuron

Effector

81
Q

Is withdraw reflex monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

A

Monosynaptic

82
Q

What are the two cell types uses to circulate CSF?

A

Ependymal cells and bear cilia

83
Q

What tissue surrounds an axon?

A

Endoeurium

84
Q

Which cell is a phagocyte?

85
Q

Smooth muscle is controlled by what and in which nervous system?

A

Efferent division, visceral motor

ANS

86
Q

What kind of cells are around a sensory neuron?

87
Q

Define ganglia

A

Neuron cell clusters in the PNS

88
Q

What are neurogial and glial cells?

A

Non-excitable cells that insulate neurons

89
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Sells the develops into macrophages.

90
Q

Contrast visceral from somatic

A

Visceral: internal to the ventral cavity

Somatic: external to the ventral cavity such as skin, skeleton and skeletal muscles

91
Q

Contrast nucleus from glanion

A

Nucleus: A cluster of neurons inside the brain

Ganglion: A collection of neurons outside the CNS

92
Q

Contrast gray matter and white matter

A

Contains unmyelinated nerve fibers

Contains myelinated nerve fibers

93
Q

What is another name for a cell body?

94
Q

What are the most abundant CNS cells?

A

Astrocytes

95
Q

Which colored matter is where neurons are clustered?

A

Gray matter

96
Q

Which matter consists of axons running within the CNS?

A

White matter

97
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

Knee-jerk

Simplest reflex arc

Stretch fibers-fastest

98
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A

Most common Interneurons in the circuit

Withdraw reflex

99
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line the spinal cord and brain to circulate CSF

100
Q

What do microglia cells do?

101
Q

Review nerve illustration

102
Q

Review bipolar vs. multipolar neurons

Anatomy M01 Exam 3 (10 decks)

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