Ch 12 Skin, Hair, Nails

Question 1

Cyanosis

Answer 1

This is a bluish mottled color that signifies decreased perfusion the tissues are not adequately perfumed with oxygenated blood

Dusky blue

Brown skin look at conjunctival oral mucosa nail beds

Question 2

Erythema

Answer 2

Intense redness of skin from excess blood hyperemia in the dilated superficial capillaries

presents as: Red bright pink
Dark skin purplish tinge difficult to see palpate for increased warmth with inflammation

Question 3

Jaundice

Answer 3

Is exhibited by a yellow color, indicating rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood
Presents as
Yellow in the sclera , hard palate, mucous membrane palms of the hand

Question 4

Conditions that exhibits Pallor

Answer 4

Anemia - decreased hematocrit 
Shock- decreased perfusion, vasoconstriction 
Local arterial insufficiency 
Albinism
Vitiligo

Question 5

Albinism

Answer 5

Total absence of pigment melanin throughout the integument

Question 6

Vitiligo

Answer 6

Patchy depigmentation from destruction of melanocytes

Question 7

Conditions that exhibits cyanosis

Answer 7

Increased amount of unoxygenated hemoglobin
Central-chronic heart and lung disease causes arterial desaturation

Peripheral- exposure to cold anxiety

Question 8

Conditions that exhibits Erythema

Answer 8

carbon monoxide poisoning, polycythemia hyperemia, venous stasis

Question 9

Hyperemia

Answer 9

Increased blood flow though engorged arterioles , such as in inflammation, fever, alcohol intake, blushing to

An unusual amount of blood in a part; congestion.

Question 10

Polycythemia

Answer 10

Increased red blood cells capillary stasis

Question 11

Venous stasis

Answer 11

Decreased blood flow area engorged venules

Question 12

Conditions that exhibits Jaundice

Answer 12

Increased serum bilirubin from the liver inflammation or hemolytic disease, such as after severe burns, some infections

Carotenemia, uremia

Question 13

Carotenemia

Answer 13

Increased serum Carotene from ingestion of large amounts of carotene-rich foods

Question 14

Uremia

Answer 14

Renal failure causes retained Urochrome pigments in the blood

Intoxication caused by the body’s accumulation of metabolic by-products normally excreted by healthy kidneys.

Question 15

Pustule

Answer 15

Turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity. Circumscribed and elevated examples impetigo , acne

Question 16

Urticaria

Answer 16

(Hives) wheals coalesce to form extensive reaction, intensely pruritic.

Question 17

Hematoma

Answer 17

A bruise you can feel it elevates the skin and is seen as swelling

Question 18

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Preparation

Answer 18

Microscopic examination of skin scraping helps diagnose superficial fungal infections

Use a sharp sterile blade lightly Scrape the scale from the edge of scaling lesion place on clean slide add a drop of 10% to 20% KOH to dissolve non-fungal skin debris send to the lab

Question 19

Lesions recognition Technique

Answer 19

Color
Elevation flat raised
Pattern or shape: grouping annular
Size use a ruler to measure
Location and distribution on body: is it generalized or localized
Any Exudate: note it’s color and any odor

Question 20

Edema

Answer 20

Fluid accumulating in the intercellular spaces; to check for edema imprint your thumbs firmly against the ankle malleolus or tibia normal skin surface stays smooth if pressure leaves a dent it’s called pitting

Question 21

Grading Scale for Edema Pitting

Answer 21

1+ Mild pitting, slight indentation, no swelling of the leg
2+ Moderate pitting indentation subside rapidly
3+ Deep pitting indentation remains for a short time leg looks swollen
4+ very deep pitting indentation lasts long time leg is very swollen

Question 22

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

The thyroid gland (in the front of your neck) produces to much thyroid hormone

Skin feels smoother and softer like velvet

Having too much thyroid hormone can make thing in your body speed up. You may lose weight quickly, have a fast heartbeat, sweat a lot, or feel nervous and moody

Question 23

Hypothyroidism

Answer 23

The thyroid glands does not produce enough thyroid hormone

Skin feels rough, dry, and flaky

Question 24

Senile purpura

Answer 24

A minor trauma may produce dark red discolored areas

Question 25

Melasma

Answer 25

The “mask of pregnancy” a patchy tan to dark brown discoloration if the face

Question 26

Function of the Skin

Answer 26

Protection prevent penetration temperature regulation wound repair absorption and excretion production of vitamin D

Question 27

Hirsutism

Answer 27

Shaggy or excessive hairs

Question 28

Braden Scale

Answer 28

A validated assessment tool commonly used to quantify a patient’s degree of risk for developing a pressure ulcer. Each assessment parameter is measured on a scale from high risk of 1 to low risk of 3 or 4. The parameters include sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction and shear, with a possible total score range of 4 to 23. The lower the total score, the higher the risk for pressure ulcer development. Patients are at risk for developing pressure ulcers if the total score is less than 17. Patients need to be assessed on a regular basis.

Question 29

Pallor

Answer 29

When the red pink tone from the oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood are lost, the skin takes on the color of connective tissue (collagen) which is mostly white
Presents as:
Pale, ashen gray dull skin

Brown skin appears yellow-brown dull skin losses healthy glow