Ch 11.5-11.7 Flashcards by Anya w

What is threshold, as applied to muscle physiology?
A. Complex formed between actin and myosin
B. limited aerobic respiration
C. Minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential
D. Boundary between smooth muscle cells

C. Minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential

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Stimulus frequency affects the sarcoplasmic concentration of which of the following?
A. Glycogen
B. Myosin
C. Calcium
D. Oxygen

C. Calcium

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True or False

Cool muscle contract more strangely than warm ones.

False

enzymes work more quickly

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What is it called when stimulus strength increases, increasing the number of motor neurons excited which in turn increases number of motor units firing?

A. Multiple motor units summation
B. Treppe
C. Muscle twitch
D. Temporal summation

A. Multiple motor units summation

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Which can be measured by attaching stimulating electrodes to a nerve-muscle preparation and a recording device?
A. Muscle Strength
B. Potentail Difference
C. Voltage

A. Muscle Strength

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The minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential is called _______.

Threshold

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What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length?
A. Hypometirc
B. Isotonic
C. Isometric 
D. Hypermetric

C. Isometric

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What affects the strength of a muscle twitch?
A. How stretched the muscle was before stimulation
B. The stretch of the elastic fibers
C. The extracellular levels of calcium

A. How stretched the muscle was before stimulation

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Which would result in the strongest twitch?
A. warmer temperatures
B. Overstretched sacromeres
C. Compressed sacromeres
D. Infrequent stimuli

A. warmer temperatures

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true or false

Recruitment occurs when more nerve fibers excite more motor units.

true

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multi-select
Aerobic respiration utilizes what TWO molecules as fuel to generate ATP?

A. Lactic acid
B. Creatine phosphate
C. Glucose
D. Fatty acids

C. Glucose

D. Fatty acids

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A record of the timing and strength of a muscle’s contraction is call________.

myogram

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What are the two most important pathways by which ATP is generated in muscle cells?

A. Aerobic respiration and glycogenolysis
B. anaerobic fermentation and glycogenolysis
C. Anaerobic fermentation and glycogneolysis
D. Anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration

D. Anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration

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When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?
A. Isometric
B. Isotonic

A. Isometric

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True or false

the duration of exercise determines which muscle mechanism supplies ATP.

True

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multi-select
Which affect twitch strength?
A. temperate of muscle 
B. how stretched the muscle was just before it was stimulated
C. Stimulation frequency
D. Muscle fatigue
E. Location of the muscle

A. temperate of muscle
B. how stretched the muscle was just before it was stimulated
C. Stimulation frequency
D. Muscle fatigue

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True or False

Cool muscles contract more strongly than warm ones.

false

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the progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of muscles is know as muscle______

fatigue

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Aerobic respiration produces _______ ATP than glycolysis.
A. Less
B. More
C. the same amount

B. More

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Why does increased oxygen consumption continue after exercise?
A. To increase the amount of lactic acid in muscle
B. to repair muscle damage caused by exercise
C. To replace the oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin

C. To replace the oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin

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What process produces the mot ATP?
A. Aerobie respiration
B. Anaerobic Fermentation

A. Aerobie respiration

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Which describes slow-twitch fibers?
A. Rich blood supply
B. have high levels of lactic acid
 C. Few mitochondria
D. little myoglobin

A. Rich blood supply

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In muscle what does the source of ATP depend upon?
A. location in the body
B. size of muscle
C. duration of exercise
D. Number of fast glycolytic fibers

C. duration of exercise

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Which of the following is true of endurance exercise?
A. no effect on muscle strength
B. increases oxygen transport in blood
C. decrease the amount of mitochondria present

B. increases oxygen transport in blood

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``` Stimulus frequency affects the sarcoplasmic concentration of which of the following? A. Glycogen B. Myosin C. Calcium D. Oxygen ```

C. Calcium

Multi-Select The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of two types of muscle tissue? A. Smooth B. Cardiac C. Skeletal

A. Smooth | B. Cardiac

In high-intensity short-duration exercise, what does muscle fatigue result from? A. Increased oxygen B. Increased ATP C. Increased potassium D. Increased glycogen

C. Increased potassium

Walls of the heard consist of ______ muscle tissue.

Cardiac

What function does increased oxygen consumption after exercise serve? A. oxidize the myofliaments of muscle fibers B. Decrease levels of ATP and creating phosphate in muscle C. Allow the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvate and glucose by liver

C. Allow the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvate and glucose by liver

Slow twitch fibers are known as _______ fibers A. Red B. White C. Black

A. Red

_______ discs are thickened notched ends of cardiac muscle cells which contain gap junctions.

Intercalated

Fatigue resistance is improved by __________ exercise which enhances the delivery and use of oxygen. A. endurance B. resistance

A. endurance

Intercalated discs contain ______ that prevent cardiac cells from pulling apart during contraction. A. Calmodulin B. Purkinje Fibers C. Gap Junctions D. Mechanical Junctions

D. Mechanical Junctions

which types of muscle tissue are considered involuntary? A. Cardiac and smooth B. Cardiac and skeletal C.Skeletal and smooth

A. Cardiac and smooth

Which muscle type is resistant to fatigue, contracts with a regular rhythm, and functions 24 hours a day? A. skeletal B. smooth C. cardiac

C. cardiac

Where is cardiac muscle found?

heart wall only

``` Which describes smooth muscle tissue? A. Uninucleate Striated B. multinucleated, non-striated C. Multinucleated, striated D. Uninuclated non striated ```

D. Uninuclated non striated

What are the swelling along the length of a nerve fiber that innervated smooth muscle called? A. varicosities B. Dense bodies C. smooth motor end plates

A. varicosities

Which muscle type is striated, uninucleate, and branched?

Cardiac

Which describes smooth muscle? A. Contracts quickly and relaxes quickly B. contracts quickly and relaxes slowly C.contractions slowly and relaxes quickly D. Slow to contract and slow to relax

D. Slow to contract and slow to relax

Which structures coordinate contraction in cardiac muscle cells? A. Dense bodies B. Stations C. Gap junctions D. Z lines

C. Gap junctions

Multi-select Which are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? A. resistant to fatigue B. under voluntary control C. contract nearly in unison D. contract with regular rhythm

A. resistant to fatigue C. contract nearly in unison D. contract with regular rhythm

Which tissue makes up the piloerector muscle of a hair follicle? A. Smooth B. Voluntary C. Skeletal

A. Smooth

Smooth muscle is named for the fact that is has no ________. A. striations B. myoglobin C. Mitochondria D. Nuclei

A. Striations

True or false | Smooth muscle is capable of mitosis and hyerplasia.

True

The varicosities of the autonomic neurons that innervate smooth muscle release what when stimulated? A. Creatine phosphates B. Sodium ions C. Neurotransmitters D. Calcium ions

C. Neurotransmitters

What is the function of intermediate filaments in smooth muscle cell? A. They connect adjacent cells via the gap junction B. They provide elastic recoil for the sacromere C. they replace tropomyosin in smooth muscle cells D. They bind the dense bodies to sacrolemma

D. They bind the dense bodies to sacrolemma

How do smooth muscle myocytes differ from cardiomyocytes? A. Smooth muscle myocytes have a single nucleus while cardiocytes have many B. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is well formed in smooth muscle myocytes but absent in cardiocytes C. Cardiocytes have no striations while smooth muscle cells do D. Smooth muscles myocytes have no t tubules while cardiac muscles do

D. Smooth muscles myocytes have no t tubules while cardiac muscles do

Intercalated discs contain ____________ that prevent cardiac cells from pulling apart during contraction. A. Calmodulin B. Mechanical junctions C. Purkinje Fibers D. Gap Junctions

B. Mechanical junctions

What type of smooth muscle is found in digestive tract, respiratory tract and urinary tract? A. Single-Unit B. Voluntary C. Multiunit D. Varicose

A. Single-Unit

Multi-select What are the functions of smooth muscles? A. to constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure B. To propel blood from heart C. To regulate pupil diameter D. move materials through digestive tract E. Create movement at joints

A. to constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure C. To regulate pupil diameter D. move materials through digestive tract

Excitation can be non-electrical in what type of muscle tissue? A. cardiac B. skeletal C. Smooth

C. Smooth

In smooth muscle cells, what binds the dense bodies to the membrane? A. Contractile vesicles B. Intermediate filaments C. Mircotubles D. Actin

B. Intermediate filaments

What is the immediate trigger for the contraction of smooth muscles? A.Calcium ions B. Chloride inos C. Acetylcholine D. Oxgyen

A.Calcium ions

______ muscle cells have a fusiform and taper to a point at the ends.

smooth

True or False | Tonic contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels is important in maintaining blood pressure.

True

Multi-select Where is single-unit smooth muscle found? ``` A. wall of stomach B. Wall of uterus C. piloerector msucle D. wall of bladder E. iris of eye ```

a, b, d,

Which muscles tissue frequently exhibit tetanus and is resistant to fatigue?

smooth

How does smooth muscle differ form skeletal muscle? A. there is no change in membrane potential in smooth muscle as there is in skeletal muscle B. Smooth muscle can be excited in a multitude of ways while skeletal muscle is excited by a neuron C. action potential in smooth muscles are not all or none as they are in skeletal muscles.

B. Smooth muscle can be excited in a multitude of ways while skeletal muscle is excited by a neuron

The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has pockets called ________ that contain calcium channels. A. dense bodies B. Caveolae C. intercelated disks D. retiuli

B. Caveolae

tonic contraction of ________ muscle plays important role in maintaining blood pressure and keeping intestine partially contracted

smooth

true or false | smooth muscle often fatigues

false

which muscle tissue is capable of mitosis and hyperplaisa?

smooth