Ch 11: Making Participant Safety a Priority

Question 1

_____ is defined as pushing oneself past the point of volitional control or exceeding the limits of one’s abilities. It typically occurs when energy systems are taxed beyond tolerable levels.

Answer 1

Overexertion. Symptoms include: nausea, dizziness, loss of strength, poor/unsafe form, vomiting. In extreme cases, rhabdomyolysis.

Question 2

Not as serious as overexertion, _____ should also be monitored. The most obvious sign is improper exercise technique.

Answer 2

Exercise fatigue. GFIs should teach that an inability to perform the exercise correctly is an indication they should modify the movement.

Question 3

A _____ is a tearing or overstretching of a ligament or connective tissue. What will you see if this occurs, and what should you do?

Answer 3

Sprain.
Swelling, pain, joint instability, immobility, possible discoloration.
If person can’t move safely, then call EMS.

Question 4

A _____ is a tearing or overstretching of muscle or tendon. What will you see if this occurs, and what should you do?

Answer 4

Strain.
Pain, local tenderness, possible discoloration, loss of strength/ROM.
If person can’t move safely, then call EMS.

Question 5

A _____ is a bone fracture that results in an open wound. What will you see, and what should you do?

Answer 5

Compound fracture.
Bony protrusion, bleeding, possible shock
Call EMS, especially if heavy bleeding.

Question 6

A _____ is a bruise formed from an acute, traumatic blow to the body. What will you see, and what should you do?

Answer 6

Contusion.
Soft tissue hemorrhage, hematoma, and restricted ROM.
If person sustains blow to head or torso where there is possible internal injury, may need to call EMS.

Question 7

_____ is diagnosed when inflammation of a tendon occurs due to overuse. What are the symptoms?

Answer 7

Tendinitis. Sx: tenderness, localized or dispersed pain, loss of strength

Question 8

_____ occurs when a bursa sac is inflamed near a tendon or joint. What are the symptoms?

Answer 8

Bursitis. Sx: swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 9

_____ occurs when the plantar surface of the foot is inflamed. What are the symptoms?

Answer 9

Plantar fascitis. Sx: Pain and tightness under the foot that may worsen with weight bearing

Question 10

_____ is an inflammatory overuse condition in which the IT band rubs against the lateral femoral epicondyle. What are the symptoms?

Answer 10

Iliotibial band (IT) friction syndrome. Sx: pain, burning, tightness during running, cycling, or multidirectional movements, along the lower outside of the knee

Question 11

_____ is characterized by pain or inflammation of the soft tissues along the shin bone from repetitive loading. What are the symptoms?

Answer 11

Shin splints (medial tibial stress syndrome). Sx: bone and soft-tissue tenderness, pain during and after activity

Question 12

_____ is diagnosed when a lateral deviation of the patella occurs during knee extension, which causes painful contact between the patella and femur. What are the symptoms?

Answer 12

Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Sx: tenderness, pain, swelling, discomfort during activity

Question 13

____ occur when a muscle, tendon, or nerve pinches between bony structures. What are the symptoms?

Answer 13

Impingements. Sx: local pain and tenderness, burning sensation, loss of ROM and mobility, muscle weakness. Commonly occurring in shoulder and spine

Question 14

A _____ is caused by an obstruction or blockage of blood flow to the heart. What are the symptoms?

Answer 14

Heart attack. Sx: pain in chest, arms, back, neck, jaw; labored breathing, nausea, anxiety, lightheadness, sweating, fatigue, syncope. Call EMS.

Question 15

An _____ occurs when swelling, inflammation or narrowing of the airways occurs, inhibiting breathing. What are the symptoms?

Answer 15

Asthma attack. Sx: wheezing, coughing, pain and tightness in chest and neck, dyspnea, panic, pale face. Call EMS if person can’t relieve symptoms with meds.

Question 16

_____ occurs when an object obstructs the airway. What are the signs?

Answer 16

Choking. Coughing, loss of speech, pale or blueish skin, syncope.

Question 17

A _____ is a cardiovascular emergency caused by a lack of blood supply and oxygen to the brain. What are the signs?

Answer 17

Stroke. Numbness in arms, legs, face; confusion; trouble speaking, dizziness, loss of vision, balance, or coordination; drooping on one side of the face; loss of consciousness. Call EMS

Question 18

A _____ occurs when there is an impairment of neural function as a result of a direct blow to the head. What are the signs?

Answer 18

Concussion. Shock, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, sleep disturbance, amnesia. Moderate-severe cases result in loss of consciousness.

Question 19

_____ are characterized by changes in brain activity that cause mild to severe convulsions. What are the signs?

Answer 19

Seizures. Convulsions, syncope, loss of coordination, clenching of jaw and loss of bladder/bowel control

Question 20

_____ are muscle spasms that occur in the arms, legs, and stomach due to a loss of electrolytes and fluids. What are the signs?

Answer 20

Heat cramps. Sx: cramps, loss of strength, thirst, dehydration. Call EMS of vomiting/nausea occur.

Question 21

_____ is a heat-related illness attributed to hot, humid temperatures and the los of electrolytes and fluids. What are the signs?

Answer 21

Heat exhaustion. Sx: weak, rapid pulse, low BP, fatigue, headache, dizziness, weakness, cold/clammy skin, profuse sweating, dehydration, elevated core temperature.

Question 22

_____ is a medical emergency and the most serious heat-related illness resulting from overexposure to heat. What are the signs?

Answer 22

Heat stroke. Sx: hot, dry skin; red skin color; rapid pulse; anxiety; irritability; dyspnea; dehydration. Call EMS.

Question 23

_____ occurs when there is a drop in body temperature below 95 degrees. What are the signs?

Answer 23

Hypothermia. Sx: shivering, tingling, numbness in fingers and toes, burning feeling in nose and ears.

Question 24

EMS should always be activated if injuries result in _____, _____ bleeding.

Answer 24

Heavy, uncontrolled

Question 25

_____ is an addiction that may occur in participants who take the habit of exercise to the extreme. What are the signs?

Answer 25

Exercise dependence. Sx: weight loss in short time, guilt for missing working, compulsive and excessive exercise even when sick/injured, hair loss, dry skin, dizziness.
An accepted definition is when the commitment to exercise assumes a higher priority than other personal commitments.

Question 26

The acronym _____ is a safe early-intervention strategy for many acute injuries. What does it stand for?

Answer 26

R = rest. No weight-bearing activity until cleared by doc.
I = ice. 10-20 mins every hour until swelling subsides
C = compression. Wrap to minimize swelling
E = elevation. Lift ankles 6-10 inches above head to control swelling

Question 27

What components should an accident report include?

Answer 27

Name, address, phone number of injured person
Time, date, place of accident
Description of injury
Reference to instruction given and type of supervision when injury occurred
How injury occurred
Names, addresses, phone numbers of witnesses
Statement of actions taken at time
Signatures of injured and supervisor

Question 28

If a participant has pre-existing injuries, what can you do to prevent injury?

Answer 28

Provide regressions to reduce ROM, intensity, complexity, and duration. Offer exercises that don’t utilize the injured body part. Those with known cardiovascular, pulmonary or metabolic conditions should obtain doctor’s consent.

Question 29

If a participant has an unhealthy body composition, what can you do to prevent injury?

Answer 29

Suggest lower-impact exercises and demonstrate basic movements before progressing intensity and complexity.

Question 30

If a participant is deconditioned, what can you do to prevent injury?

Answer 30

Suggest fewer reps and sets, shorter exercise bouts

Question 31

If a participant has strength or flexibility imbalances, what can you do to prevent injury?

Answer 31

Limit ROM. Start with dynamic flexibility movements and end with static stretches.

Question 32

When holding a class with complex, intense, or fast movements, what can you do to prevent injury?

Answer 32

Beginners and deconditioned participants should master the foundational exercise layers before advancing.

Question 33

When holding a class with high reps and sets, what can you do to prevent injury?

Answer 33

Suggest lighter loads or alternate exercises to allow active recovery.

Question 34

When participants are tired, how can you prevent injury?

Answer 34

Suggest water breaks, create active recovery opportunities by targeting different energy systems

Question 35

What are (4) common ways to minimize injury, within the scope of a GFI?

Answer 35

Limit motion and stretching to a pain-free range.
Gradually increase the intensity of activity and volume.
Focus on technique and proper form.
Avoid extreme ROM.