Ch. 10: The Respiratory System - Pulmonology Flashcards
adenoid/o
adenoid
tonsill/o
tonsil
nas/o
rhin/o
nose
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
sept/o
septum (plural: septa)
sin/o
sinus/o
sinus
pneum/o
pneumat/o
pneumon/o
air or lungs
pulmon/o
lungs
lob/o
lobe
bronch/o
bronchi/o
bronchus (the main branches from the trachea into each lung)
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
alveol/o
alveolus (air sac)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
cost/o
rib
thorac/o
pector/o (pectus)
steth/o
chest
pleur/o
pleura (membrane surrounding the lungs)
phren/o
diaphragm (or brain: schizophrenia)
ox/o
oxygen
spir/o
-pnea
breathing
capn/o
carb/o
carbon dioxide
apnea
a/pnea (no/breathing)
AP-nee-ah
cessation of breathing
eupnea
eu/pnea (good/breathing)
YOOP-nee-ah
good or normal breathing
tachypnea
tachy/pnea (fast/breathing)
ta-KIP-nee-ah
rapid breathing
bradypnea
brady/pnea (slow/breathing)
brad-ip-NEE-ah
slow breathing
hypopnea
hypo/pnea (under/breathing)
hai-POP-nee-ah
shallow breathing
hyperpnea
hyper/pnea (over/breathing)
hai-perp-nee-ah
heavy breathing
dyspnea
dys/pnea (bad/breathing)
disp-NEE-ah
difficulty breathing
orthopnea
ortho/pnea (straight/breathing)
or-thop-NEE-ah
able to breathe only in an upright position
hyperventilation
hyper/ventil/ation (over/breathing/process)
hai-per-ven-ti-LAY-shun
overbreathing; the condition of having too much air flowing into and out of the lungs; leads to hypocapnia
hypoventilation
hypo/ventil/ation (under/breathing/process)
hai-po-ven-ti-LAY-shun
underbreathing; the condition of having too little air flowing into and out of the lungs; leads to hypercapnia
dysphonia
dys/phonia (bad/sound or voice)
dis-FON-ia
bad voice condition (also known as hoarseness)
epistaxis
Greek for to drip out or upon
ep-ee-STAKS-is
a nosebleed
rhinorrhagia
rhino/rrhagia (nose/excessive bleeding)
rai-no-RAY-jah
excessive blood flow from the nose (another term for a nosebleed)
rhinorrhea
rhino/rrhea (nose/discharge)
rai-no-REE-yah
runny nose
bronchospasm
broncho/spasm (bronchus/involuntary contraction)
BRON-ko-SPAZ-um
involuntary contraction of the diaphragm (also known as hiccups)
pleuralgia
pleurodynia
pleur/algia (pleura/pain) plur-AL-jah pleuro/dynia (pleura/pain) plur-oh-DIH-nee-ah pain in the pleura
thoracalgia
thorac/algia (chest/pain)
thor-a-KAL-jah
chest pain
bronchorrhea
broncho/rrhea (bronchus/discharge)
bron/koh-REE-ah
discharge from the bronchi
expectoration
ex/pector/ation (out/chest/process)
eks-pec-tor-A-shun
coughing or spitting material out of the lungs
hemoptysis
hemo/ptysis (blood/cough)
heem-op-TIS-is
coughing up blood
sputum
Latin for spit
SPYOO-tum
mucus discharge from the lungs by coughing
auscultation
Latin for to listen
ah-skul-TAY-shun
a health care professional using a stethoscope to listen to a patient’s chest
cyanosis
cyan/osis (blue/condition)
sai-an-O-sis
a bluish color in the skin caused by insufficient oxygen
pectoriloquy
pectori/loquy (chest/speak)
pek-tor-IH-low-kwee
speaking from the chest; used as a means of finding masses in the lung. A heath professional listening to a patient’s chest asks the patient to whisper a word. The word will be audible in the areas where fluid or a mass is present. Hence the chest “speaks” in those places.
pectus carinatum
pectus carinatum (chest keel)
PEK-tus car-ee-NAH-tum
a chest that protrudes like the keel of a ship
pectus excavatum
pectus ex/cavatum (chest out/hollowed)
PEK-tus eks-cuh-VAH-tum
a chest that is hollowed out
percussion
Latin for to strike
per-KUH-shun
striking the body surface (in this context, to cause vibrations that can help locate fluid buildup in the chest).
retraction
re/trac/tion (back/drag/process)
reh-TRAK-shun
the sucking in of the skin around bones during inhalation, happens when someone is in respiratory distress
atelectasis
a/tel/ectasis (not/complete/expansion)
ah-tel-EK-ta-sis
incomplete expansion
bronchiectasis
bronchi/ectasis (bronchus/expansion)
bron-key-EK-ta-sis
expansion of the bronchi
caseous necrosis
caseous necr/osis (cheeselike death/condition)
KAYZ-ee-us ne-CROW-sis
the death of tissue with a cheeselike appearance
chylothorax
chylo/thorax (chyle/chest)
kai-low-THOR-aks
chyle in the chest
chyle
is a milky bodily fluid formed in the small intestine during digestion of fatty foods and carried through the body via lymph vessels
empyema
em/py/ema (in/pus/condition)
em-pie-EE-mah
pus inside the chest
hemothorax
hemo/thorax (blood/chest)
heem-o-THOR-aks
blood in the chest
phrenoplegia
phreno/plegia (diaphragm/paralysis)
fre-no-PLEE-jah
paralysis of the diaphragm
phrenoptosis
pherno/ptosis (diaphragm/drooping)
fre-nop-TOE-sis
drooping of the diaphragm
pleural effusion
pleur/al ex/fusion (pleura/pertaining to out/pour)
PLUR-al ef-YOO-zhun
fluid pouring out into the pleura
pneumohemothorax
pneumo/hemo/thorax (air/blood/chest)
new-moh-hee-moh-THOR-aks
air and blood in the chest
pneumothorax
pneumo/thorax (air/chest)
new-moh-THOR-aks
air in the chest
pulmonary edema
pumon/ary edema (lung/pertaining to swelling)
pul-monAIR-ee ah-DEE-ma
swelling in the lungs
pyothorax
pyo/thorax (pus/chest)
pi-oh-THOR-aks
pus in the chest
tracheostenosis
tracheo/stenosis (trachea/narrowing)
tray-kee-oh-sten-OH-sis
narrowing of the trachea
hypercapnia
hypercarbia
hyper/capn/ia (over/carbon dioxide/condition)
hyper/carb/ia (over/carbon dioxide/condition)
hai-per-CAP-nee-yah
excessive carbon dioxide
hypocapnia
hypocarbia
hypo/capn/ia (under/carbon dioxide/condition)
hypo/carb/ia (under/carbon dioxide/condition)
insufficient carbon dioxide
hypoxemia
hypo/ox/emia (under/oxygen/blood condition)
hai-poks-EEM-ee-yah
insufficient oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
hypo/ox/ia (under/oxygen/condition)
insufficient oxygen
computed tomography
computed tomo/graphy (cut/writing procedure)
com-PYOO-ted tom-O-grah-fee
an imaging procedure using a computer to cut
pulmonary angiography
pulmon/ary angio/graphy (lung/pertaining to vessel/writing procedure)
pul-mon-AIR-ee an-jee-O-grah-fee
an imaging procedure for recording pulmonary blood vessel activity
ventilation-perfusion scan (VQ scan)
ventil/ation-per/fusion (breathing/process-through/pour)
ven-ti-LAY-shun–per-FYOO-shun skan
a scan that tests whether a problem in the lungs is caused by airflow (ventilation) or blood flow (perfusion)
bronchoscopy
broncho/scopy (bronchus/looking procedure)
bron-KOS-koh-pee
procedure to look inside the bronchi
capnography
capno/graphy (carbon dioxide/writing procedure)
cap-NAH-gra-fee
procedure to record carbon dioxide levels
capnometer
capno/meter (carbon dioxide/instrument to measure)
cap-NOM-eh-ter
instrument to measure carbon dioxide levels
endoscope
endo/scope (inside/instrument to look)
EN-doh-SKOHP
instrument to look inside
nasopharyngoscope
naso/pharyngo/scope (nose/throat/instrument to look)
nay-zoh-fa-RIN-go-skope
an instrument to look at the nose and throat
oximetry
oxi/metry (oxygen/measuring process)
ok-SIM-ah-tree
procedure to measure oxygen levels
polysomnography
poly/somno/graphy (many/sleep/writing procedure)
po-lee-som-NAH-gra-fee
recording multiple aspects of sleep
pulmonary function testing (PFT)
pulmon/ary function testing (lung/pertaining to)
pul-mon-AIR-ee funk-shun TES-ting
a group of tests used to evaluate the condition and operation of the lungs
spirometry
spiro/metry (breathing/measuring process)
speer-O-meh-tree
procedure to measure breathing
thoracoscopy
thoraco/scopy (chest/looking procedure)
thor-a-KOS-koh-pee
examination of the chest
laryngitis
laryng/itis (larynx/inflammation)
la-rin-JAI-tis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngotracheobronchitis
laryngo/tracheo/bronch/itis (larynx/trachea/bronchus/inflammation)
la-rin-go-tray-key-o-bron-KAI-tis
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
rhinitis
rhin/itis (nose/inflammation)
rai-NAI-tis
inflammation of the nasal passages
sinusitis
sinus/itis (sinus/inflammation)
sai-nus-AI-tis
inflammation of the sinus
pansinusitis
pan/sinus/itis (all/sinus/inflammation)
pan-sai-nus-AI-tis
inflammation of all sinuses
sleep apnea
sleep a/pnea (no/breathing)
sleep AP-nee-ah
a condition where the patient ceases to breathe while asleep
tonsillitis
tonsill/itis (tonsil/inflammation)
ton-sil-AI-tis
inflammation of the tonsils
tracheitis
trache/itis (trachea/inflammation)
tay-kee-AI-tis
inflammation of the trachea
tracheomalacia
tracheo/malacia (trachea/softening)
tray-kee-oh-ma-LAY-shah
softening of the trachea
asthma
Greek for panting or gasping
AZ-ma
a disease causing episodic narrowing and inflammation of the airway
bronchiolitis
bronchiol/itis (bronchiole/inflammation)
bron-kee-yo-LAI-tis
inflammation of a bronchiole
bronchitis
bronch/itis (bronchus/inflammation)
bron-KAI-tis
inflammation of the bronchus
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
chron/ic ob/struct/ive pulmon/ary (time/pertaining to in the way/build/pertaining to lung/pertaining to)
KRON-ik ob-STRUKT-iv pul-mon-AIR-ee diz-EEZ
a group of lung diseases characterized by the continual blockage of lung passage
cystic fibrosis
cyst/ic fibr/osis (cyst/pertaining to fiber/condition)
SIS-tik fai-BROH-sis
a disease causing thick mucus buildup in the lungs and pancreas, named after the changes it causes to the lungs
diaphragmatocele
diaphragmato/cele (diaphragm/hernia)
dai-a-frag-MAT-o-seel
hernia of the diaphragm
emphysema
Greek for to inflate
im-fi-ZEE-ma
a disease that causes the alveoli to lose elasticity; emphysema patients can inhale but have difficulty exhaling
obstructive lung disorder
ob/struct/ive lung disorder (in the way/build/pertaining to)
ob-STRUKT-iv
a lung disorder caused by a blockage
pleuritis
pleurisy
pleur/itis (pleura/inflammation)
pleur/isy (pleura/inflammation)
plur-AI-tis
inflammation of the pleura
pneumatocele
pneumato/cele (lung/hernia)
new-MAT-o-seel
hernia of the lung
pneumoconiosis
pneumo/coni/osis (lung/dust/condition)
new-moh-con-i-O-sis
a lung condition caused by dust
pneumonia
pneumon/ia (lung/condition)
new-MOH-nee-yah
a lung condition
pneumonitis
pneumon/itis (lung/inflammation)
new-moh-NAI-tis
inflammation of the lung
pulmonary embolism
pulmon/ary embol/ism (lung/pertaining to embolus/condition)
pul-mon-AIR-ee em-bol-IZ-um
blockage in the pulmonary blood supply
pulmonary neoplasm
pulmon/ary neo/plasm (lung/pertaining to new/formation)
pul-mon-AIR-ee nee-oh-PLAZ-sum
new growth (tumor) in the lung
restrictive lung disorder
re/strict/ive lung disorder (back/bind/pertaining to)
re-STRIKT-iv
a lung disorder caused by the limiting of air into the lungs
bronchiogenic carcinoma
bronchio/genic carcin/oma (bronchus/creatioin cancer/tumor)
bron-kee-oh-JEN-ic car-si-NO-ma
a cancerous tumor originating in the bronchi
mesothelioma
meso/theli/oma (middle/nipple/tumor)
mee-zoh-thee-lee-OH-mah
a cancerous tumor of the mesothelial cells lining the lungs
antitussive
anti/tuss/ive (against/cough/agent)
an-tee-TUSS-iv
a drug that prevents coughing
bronchodilator
broncho/dilator (bronchus/expander)
bron-koh-DAI-lay-tor
a drug that expands the walls of the bronchi
expectorant
ex/pector/ant (out/chest/agent)
eks-PEK-tor-ant
a drug that encourages the expulsion of material from the lungs
mucolytic
muco/lytic (mucus/breakdown agent)
myoo-koh-LIT-ik
a drug that aids in the breakdown of mucus
nebulizer
Latin for cloud
neh-byoo-LAI-zir
a machine that administers respiratory medication by creating a “cloud” or mist that is inhaled by the patient
adenoidectomy
adenoid/ectomy (adenoid/removal)
a-din-oid-EK-toe-mee
removal of the adenoids
intubate
in/tub/ate (in/tube/process)
IN-tub-ate
to insert a breathing tube from the mouth down into the trachea, to provide breathing support
laryngectomy
laryng/ectomy (larynx/removal)
la-rin-JEK-toe-mee
removal of the larynx
laryngoplasty
laryngo/plasty (larynx/reconstruction)
la-rin-GO-plas-tee
reconstruction of the larynx
palatoplasty
palato/plasty (palate/reconstruction)
pal-e-toe-PLAS-tee
reconstruction of a palate
septoplasty
septo/plasty (septum/reconstruction)
sep-toe-PLAS-tee
reconstruction of a septum
tonsillectomy
tonsill/ectomy (tonsil/removal)
ton-sil-EK-toe-mee
removal of the tonsils
tracheostomy
tracheo/stomy (trachea/opening)
tray-kee-AH-stoh-mee
creation of an opening in the trachea
tracheotomy
tracheo/tomy (trachea/incision)
tray-kee-AH-toe-mee
incision into the trachea
endotracheal intubation
endo/trache/al in/tub/ation (inside/trachea/pertaining to in/tube/process)
en-doh-TRAY-kee-al in-too-BAY-shun
insetion of a tube inside the trachea
bronchoplasty
broncho/plasty (bronchus/reconstruction)
bron-koh-PLAS-tee
reconstruction of a bronchus
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
cardio/pulmon/ary re/suscit/ation (heart/lung/pertaining to again/awaken/process)
kar-dee-oh-pul-mon-AIR-ee ree-sus-i-TAY-shun
method of artificially maintaining blood flow and airflow when breathing and pulse have stopped
lobectomy
lob/ectomy (lobe/removal)
loh-BEK-toe-mee
removal of a lobe
pleuropexy
pleuro/pexy (pleura/fixation)
ploo-rah-PEK-see
reattachment of the pleura
pneumonectomy
pneumon/ectomy (lung/removal)
new-mon-EK-toe-mee
removal of a lung
thoracentesis
thoracocentesis
thora/centesis (chest/puncture) thor-a-sin-TEE-sis thoraco/centesis (chest/puncture) thor-a-koh-sin-TEE-sis puncture of the chest
thoracoplasty
thoraco/plasty (chest/reconstruction)
thor-a-koh-PLAS-tee
reconstruction of the chest
thoracostomy
thoraco/stomy (chest/opening)
thor-a-KOS-toe-mee
creation of an opening in the chest
thoracotomy
thoraco/tomy (chest/incision)
thor-a-KAH-toe-mee
incision into the chest
ABG
arterial blood gas
analysis of the gases in the blood; used to determine the effectiveness of the lungs in exchanging gases
occasionally they use capillary blood from a finger stick, at which point it’s known as capillary blood gas (CBG)
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
Bx
biopsy
CF
cystic fibrosis
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CT
computed tomography
CTA
clear to ausculation
when an exam reveals nothing abnormal about a patient’s lungs
CXR
chest x-ray
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
ETT
endotracheal tube
LRTI
lower respiratory tract infection
LTB
laryngotracheobronchitis
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
PE
pulmonary embolism
PET
positron emission tomography
PFT
pulmonary function test
PSG
polysomnography
SOB
shortness of breath
T&A
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
TB
tuberculosis
URI/URTI
upper respiratory infection; upper respiratory tract infection
V/Q
ventilation-perfusion scan
