ch 10 central + peripheral nervous sytems Flashcards
made up of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
meninges
three layers of connective tissues in the meninges
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
dura
hard
dura
mater
mother
where is dura mater found
inner surface of the cranium
inner surface of the vertebral column
epidural space
epidural space function
contains fat and supportive connective tissue to cushion the dura mater
located between dura mater and arachnoid membrane
subdural space
second layer of meninges
arachnoid membrane
located below arachnoid membrane and above pia mater, has CSF
subarachnoid space
third layer of meninges located closest to the brain and spinal cord and has a rich supply of blood vessels
pia mater
fluid produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles in the middle region of the cerebrum
- clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord
CSF (spinal fluid)
largest and uppermost portion of the brain and has four lobes
cerebum
located below the cerebrum and relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex (suppresses or magnifies stimuli)
thalamus
located below thalamus and controls vital bodily functions
hypothalamus
located in the lower back of the cranium below the cerebellum and coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements
cerebellum
located in the base of the brain and forms the connection between the brain and spinal cord and controls breathing, digestion, heart rate, bp, and arousal
brainstem
three parts of brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
pertaining to cerebrum or brain
cerebral
elevated folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex
gyri
fissures of the cerebral cortex
sulci
normally occurring deep groove
fissure
outer layer of cerebrum made up of gyri and sulci
cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex is made out of
gray matter
cerebrum is divided into
two cerebral hemispheres
where are the two cerebral hemispheres connected?
corpus callosum
controls majority of functions on the right side of the body
left cerebral hemisphere
controls most of the functions on the left side of the body
right cerebral hemisphere
each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of
cerebral lobes
each cerebral lobe is named for the bone of the cranium that covers it
true
lobe that controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior
frontal lobe
receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles
parietal lobe
lobe that controls eyesight
occipital lobe
lobe that controls the senses of hearing and smell and the ability to create, store, and access new information
temporal lobe
relays impulses to and from the cerebrum and sense organs of the body- located below cerebrum
thalamus
controls seven major regulatory functions in the body and located below thalamus
hypothalamus
second-largest part of the brain; located back of head and below the posterior portion of the cerebrum
cerebellum
cerebellum functions
- receives incoming messages regarding movement within the body
- produce smooth and coordinated movements to maintain equilibrium and sustain normal postures
stalk like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hempisheres with the spinal cord
brainstem
7 regulatory functions of hypothalamus
- regulates and integrates ANS (pulse, bp, resp rate, digestive activity)
- regulates emotional responses (fear, pleasure)
- regulates body temp
- regulates food intake (controls hunger)
- regulates thirst sensation and water intake
- regulates sleep-wakefulness
- regulates pituitary gland and endocrine activity
provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers of the brain
- control eye reflexes in response to stimuli
midbrain and pons
located at the lowest part of brain stem and controls basic survival functions (respiration, pulse, bp, reflexes for cough, sneeze, swallow, vomit)
medulla oblongata
long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
spinal cord
the spinal cord is protected by
CSF and meninges
consists of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that extend from the brain, plus 31 pairs of spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
three types of peripheral nerves
autonomic, sensory, somatic nerve fibers
fibers that carry instructions to the organs and glands from ANS
autonomic nerve fibers
fibers receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted
sensory nerve fibers
fibers that convey information that controls the body’s voluntary muscular movements.
somatic nerve fibers
somatic nerve fibers AKA
motor nerve fibers
these 12 pairs orginiate from undersurface of brain
- 2 nerves of a pair are identical in function and serve each half of the body
cranial nerves
how many pairs of peripheral spinal nerves?
31
categories of peripheral spinal nerves
C1-C8 = cervical
T1-T12 = thoracic
L1 - L5 = lumbar
S1 - S5 = sacral
made up of first four lumbar nerves and serves lower back
lumbar plexus
organized into two divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- controls involuntary actions of the body and maintains homeostasis
autonomic nervous system
prepare body for emergencies and stress by increasing resp rate, pulse, blood flow to muscles as part of the fight-or-flight response
sympathetic nerves
body’s natural reaction to real or imaginary dangers
fight or flight response
return body to normal after a response to stress and maintain normal body functions during ordinary circumstances that are not emotionally or physically stressful
parasympathetic nerves
